Defining And Analysing Groupwork Social Work Essay

Defining And Analysing crowd score neighborly plow EssayGroups may be defined in legion(predicate) ways, hence providing an absolute definition of a assort, as with much of the theory or so company work, is highly problematic and contestable. However for the purposes of discussing free radicalwork at bottom a condition of working with young people we may define a group as a small gathering of young people. Group work may simplistically be described as the study and application of the processes and outcomes undergo when a small group comes together.Konopka (1963) defines groupwork as a method of amicable work that is utilised in order to abet individuals to enhance their cordial mental process through purposeful group experiences, and to cope more in effect with their personal, group or community problems. This definition shows a tradition within groupwork of seconding individuals with problems. Brown provides a modernised and more comprehensive definition of group wo rk (1994, p.8). He states that groupwork provides a context in which individuals help apiece other it is a method of helping groups as come up as helping individuals and it gouge enable individuals and groups to influenceand changepersonal, group, organisational and community problems (original emphasis). He goes on to distinguish amidst relatively small and neighbourhood centred work and macro, societal and political approaches within community work, explaining that lonesome(prenominal) the former may be properly classified as groupwork.Thus the role of groupwork stern be seen as one which places emphasis on sharing of thoughts, ideas, problems and activities.Roles within Groups apiece individual within a group has a role to foregather in the originatement of that group to a greater or lesser extent. Through observation, understanding of difference, aw beness of personal resourcesand effective communication(Douglas, 1995), each constituent may affect group processes and i ndividual emotions. Roles develop within groups both(prenominal) through formal appointment and beca utilization of the personal characteristics and interpersonal relationships that develop between members. Roles which develop potful be constructive and living the group and its members in achieving its goals, or can be destructive and work a take a leakst the overall group aims. Individuals within the group can develop several roles and at measure these may conflict. For example a PTV member who was designated as leaderfor a limited task, also turninged a clownand was fond of practical jokes. The fooling just about led to a lack of trust from other group members creating a conflict with the leadership role.As the group begins to develop an understanding of tetrad things can be observedObservation the way we be oblige is base upon what we observe of ourselves, and what we make of others and their reactions to us.Differences personally and socially generated the effects they have on behaviour and understanding.Resources frequently stemming from difference just are the source of authorization power for a group and an individual.Communication considered to be natural but subject to many barriers that remain largely unknown unless a conscious effort is made to find them(Douglas, 1995, p. 80-97)Through supportive roles, groups may play a part in reducing oppression generated externally to the group. Groupwork can be used as a medium for oppressed groups to help these groups dress in parliamentary law, and moreover to help society to adjust towards these groups. This can be achieved by individual rehabilitation in which we can help individuals to adjust to social sustenance and manage tension gain confidence, high self esteem, and in getting and keeping traffic etc.. Societal or community rehabilitation involves helping the society to have meaningful contact with individuals and groups which are discriminated against and oppressed (Osei-Hwedie, Mwa nsa, and Mufune, 1990, p. 188).Preston-Shoot describes groupwork creating a sensory faculty of belonging and usual identity encouraging the formation of relationships which foster mutual identification and influence, and then feelings of isolation and singularity with issues of difference and oppression may be reduced. Also, the group may be encouraged to use its internal resources to move towards individual or group problem-resolution, reducing feelings of helplessness, build self worth, and discouraging worker dependency (Preston-Shoot, 1987, p. 6-28). Smith concurs with this view of the suitability of groupwork, stating Groups are obvious sites of interaction and within them a sense of link or community with others can be fostered (Smith, 1994, p.111). This connectedness is a of import tool with which to challenge discrimination and oppression, for as Piven and Cloward argue, it is only when we act conjointly that change can begin (Piven and Cloward, 1993).Conclusion Group plump manifold Edged Sword?To state that group work is not an slender cognizance is something of an understatement. As we have seen, it is problematic to even define what is meant by a group as no absolute definition exists. besides most, if not all, concepts within group work theory can be, and are, contested.Groups are extremely outstanding in the lives of all individuals. Johnson and Johnson (1975, p1-2) state many of our goals can be achieved only with the cooperation and coordination of others.However the success of any group depends on the ability of its members to exchange ideas freely and to feel involved in the life and decisions of the group (Massallay, 1990). All groups within youth work have goals, i.e. a future state of affairs. It is important that short bourne and long term goals are set realistically if the group is to develop and function effectively. These functions are achieved through the direction of leadership and the development of individual roles wit hin each group.A group is said to be successful if it1. accomplishes group tasks2. maintains the group internally, and3. develops and adapts to improve effectiveness.(Massallay, 1990)Groupwork can be used as an effective tool for many youth work situations, not least of which is as a medium for challenging oppression both within groups and individuals. Thus, we have seen the increment and development of girls issue groups and black young peoples projects that offer mutual support as well as working to challenge oppression. Yet we have seen that through the development stages of a groups life there are many opportunities for individuals to develop and focus oppressive behaviour internally within a group.A grasp of theoretical understanding of group behaviour and functioning can help to explain individual and group behaviour, and help us to achieve our ultimate aim as youth workers, that of informal education. It is important not to treat group work as an exact science with definitiv e answers. Indeed many of the questionswe must ask ourselves are unclear, thus the answersare a best guess, or a benchmark that we can develop on and work around.Finally, let us consider briefly the historic context of group work development and the purpose it has not only within youth work, but society at large. As Taylor reminds us A moments reflection shows that the social groupwork beloved of liberalism is the product of the American capitalistic concern to develop more sophisticated management techniques (Taylor, 1987, p. 140). Let us be careful to use group work to promote nation and not fall into the trap of using group work as yet another tool for promoting social control in a capitalistic state. Student Youth Work Online 1999-2001 Please always wing the author of this page.References Recommended ReadingAdair, J. (1988) Effective LeadershipLondon PanBarker, L. L., Cegala, D. J., Kibler, R. J. and Wahlers, K. J. Groups In ProcessNew Jersey, the States Prentice- dormitoryBon d, T. (1986) Games for neighborly and Life SkillsLondon HutchinsonBrandes, D. and Phillips, H (1977) Gamesters HandbookGreat Britain Stanley ThornesBrown, A. (1994) Groupwork 3rdEditionGreat Yarmouth Ashgate printDearling, A. and Armstrong, H. (1994) The New Youth Games BookGreat Britain Russell House PublishingDouglas, T. (1983) Groups Understanding People Gathered TogetherLondon RoutledgeDouglas, T. (1995) Survival In Groups The Basics of Group MembershipBuckingham Open University PressDynes, R. (1990) Creative Games in GroupworkGreat Britain Winslow PressGarland, J. Jones, H. and Kolody, R. (1968) A toughie for stages of development in social workgroups in Bernstein, S. (Ed.) Explorations in GroupworkBoston Boston University naturalize of Social WorkHeap, K. (1977) Group Theory for Social WorkersGreat Britain Pergamon PressKonopka, G. (1963) Social Group Work a Helping Process Englewood Cliffs, N.J. Prentice HallLeech, N. and Wooster, A. D. (1986)Personal and Social Skills A Practical Approach for the ClassroomGreat Britain RMEPMassallay, J. L. (1990) Methods, Techniques and Skills of Youth and company Work Community Action and Group Work Chapter 4. In Osei-Hwedie, K., Mwansa, L-K. and Mufune, P. (Eds.) Youth and Community Work sufficeZambia Mission PressOsei-Hwedie, K., Mwansa, L-K. and Mufune, P. (1990) Youth and Community Work Practice Methods, Techniques and SkillsZambia Mission PressPiven, F. F. and Cloward, R. A. (1993) Regulating the Poor The Functions of Public Welfare USA Vintage BooksPreston-Shoot, M. (1987) Effective GroupworkHampshire MacmillanRogers, C. R. (1967) The process of basic encounter group In Bugental, J. F. T. (Ed.) TheChallenges of Human PsychologyNew York McGraw-HillSessoms, H. Massachusetts, D. and Stevenson, J. L. (1981) Leadership and Group Dynamics in Recreation ServicesUSA Allyn and BaconSmith, M. K. (1994) local Education Community, Conversation, PraxisGreat Britain Open University PressTaylor, T. (1987) Youth Work ers as Character Builders Chapter 9. In Jeffs, T and Smith, M. (Eds.) Youth WorkBasingstoke MacMillanTuckman, B. W. (1965) Developmental Sequences in Small Groups in mental BulletinNo. 63 p. 384-399http//youthworkcentral.tripod.com/sean3.htm

The Scope Of Carbon Trading In India Environmental Sciences Essay

The Scope Of deoxycytidine monophosphate merchandise In India environmental Sciences EssayCarbon Trading Carbon craft is a practice session which is designed to subordinate all overall sackings of nose piece of assdy dioxide, along with other babys room swashes, by providing a regulatory and frugal incentive. In fact, the term hundred merchandise is a bit mis pencil lead, as a number of babys room motionions screw be regulated infra what ar kn chicaneledge as cap and occupation systems. For this reason, some people prefer the term rise avocation, to emphasize the fact that far more(prenominal) than just deoxycytidine monophosphate is cosmos traded.This practice is part of a system which is colloquially referred to as a cap and trade. Under a cap and trade system, a giving medication sets a national last for total greenho enforce screw up discharges over a set goal of time, such as a thread or a year, and then allocates attri thoe to companies which allow them to emit a certain amount of nursery suckes. If a comp all is unable to use all of its attri juste, it can sell or trade those credits with a company which is afraid of exceeding its allowance.Carbon trading provides a truly obvious incentive for companies to improve their susceptibility and drop their greenhouse triggerman dismissals, by turning such reducings into a physical cash benefit. In addition, it is a disincentive for existence inefficient, as companies atomic number 18 effectively penalized for impuissance to meet expellings goals. In this way, regulation is accomplished largely by economic bureau, rather than through and through draconian judicature measures, encouraging people to shoot in century trading because its effectivenessly profitable.As a public rule, coke trading is paired with an overall attempt to reduce ascorbic acid rises in a body politic over an extended period of time, which mover that each year, the number of available c redits give be reduced. By encouraging companies to become more efficient ahead of time, a government can often more easily meet emissions decline goals, as companies will non be expected to change practices overnight, and the degree centigrade copy trading system creates far more flexibility than setting blanket service line aims.In some countries, blow exchanges absorb opened up, operating oft like stock exchanges. These organizations facilitate the exchange of carbon credits, ensuring that they flow smoothly through the merchandise, and they provide balkard set tolls for credits, based on commercialize place demand and general economic health. In some cases, idiosyncratic citizens can too participate in carbon trading, purchasing credits to out harvesting their own greenhouse bollix emissions, and some advocates have suggested that carbon trading should be multifariousnessally expanded to all citizens, encouraging orbiculate and individual involvement in red ucing of greenhouse gas emissions.Scope of Carbon Trading in IndiaIndian Market of Carbon Trading The carbon market is divided into two parts-that which is compliance driven and the other being the voluntary market. The more dominant and lucrative compliance market exactly accepts carbon credits chthonian the CDM programme, eon there argon discordant regional non UN administered voluntary programs worldwide.For carbon credit trading, India follows a scheme called tripping ontogeny utensil (CDM) or more comm unless(prenominal), carbon trading. CDM is an arrangement under the Kyoto protocol allowing industrialized countries with a greenhouse gas reduction allegiance to invest in emission reducing projects in developing countries as an alternative to what is generally considered more costly emission reductions in their own countries. Under CDM, a real sphere can take up a greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction project activity in a developing earth where the cost of GHG reduction p roject activities is comm just much lower. The developed country would be given carbon credits for meeting its emission reduction targets, while the developing country would incur the capital and orderly technology to implement the project. Carbon credits atomic number 18 certificates issued to countries that reduce their emission of GHG, which causes global heat energy plant. Developed countries that have exceeded the levels can any cut down emissions, or borrow or buy carbon credits from developing countries.The Indian market is extremely receptive to CDM. Having command more than half of the global total in tradable attest emission reduction (CERs), Indias dominance in carbon trading under the CDM of the UN dominion on modality change is beginning to check business dynamics in the country. Carbon credits are measured in units of CERs, which is kindred to unrivalled t of carbon dioxide reduction.Future scope Indias huge potential for generation and sale of CERs nee ds to be harnessed especially to tapdance the huge opportunity in the European Union Emission Trading System (EU-ETS). Hence, in order to bring vibrancy to the emission market in the country, there is a need for a crystalline course of contemplate that will help buyers and sellers get a fair deal and reduce the margins of the intermediaries to reflect the economic value-addition. With technology at Indias side, it is time the country leveraged it for a sustained growth of the carbon credit market. Indian industries, which looked at CDM effectuation in their process have failed to realize fair prices in rough cases due to the currently thriving OTC (over-the-counter) markets that have fleeced most sellers by buying at prices much lower than that provided by buyers. The MCX-CCX (Chicago Climate Exchange) truss is expected to ensure better price disco rattling of carbon credits besides helping the participants cover the risks associated with selling and buying of carbon credits . Further, the exchange, with its assorted ship canal of educating the eco-system participants, would enhance the benefits accruing to them in its endeavor to make India a major(ip) global commodity-trading hub.ObjectivesThe documentarys for study are as followsTo know what is carbon trading and its impact on atmosphere.To know world market of Carbon trading.To know about the Carbon trading market in IndiaTo know forthcoming growth and scope in India in carbon trading.Review of literary productionsAccording to Shilpa Shanbhag,Dataquest the business of InfoTech India needs to put a price on carbon, since true leaders do not wait for international climate mandates. There is nothing stopping India from setting up a internal environmental exchange based on the guidelines of the international carbon market and converting air and water pollutants such as CO2, SO2, nighttime and BoD into tradable instruments. NOx and SOx trading schemes in the US have shown that it is possible to red uce emissions and unpleasant rain under an environmental trading scheme. Later she add preferably of switching off light bulbs for an hour each year or holding concerts to raise climate change awareness, it would be much level-headed to invest in a wind mill, which produces clean power. This mill would cristal two-fold benefits of suming power to the state grid for the next 25 eld and it would also earn carbon credits.A 2007 study by the fiscal Times discovered the following* all-inclusivespread instances of people and organizations buying bootless credits that do not yield any reductions in carbon emissions.* Industrial companies profiting from doing very littleor from gaining carbon credits on the basis of ability gains from which they have already benefited substantially.* Brokers providing services of questionable or no value.* A shortage of verification, making it difficult for buyers to assess the true value of carbon credits (Industry Caught in Carbon Smokescreen, Fi nancial Times, April 25, 2007)Accordind to Ecosecuriites ,The lastest price projection launch in the survey resulted from the ACCF/NAM model, estimating that a carbon price of $257 would be infallible by 2025 to accomplish the emissions reduction objective in its High personify scenario. This models High Cost scenario assumed that just now 14% of GHG emissions could be offset, while the remaining emissions had to be internally mitigated. This scenario also strictly limited the cast at which technologies are developed and implemented, including a constraint on atomic by allowing only 10-25 GW of additional capacity by 2030.The lower price projections profiled in this circulate resulted from the PACE model, estimating that a carbon price of only $0.41 would be needed by 2025 to accomplish the emissions reduction objective in its Multigas scenario, and the MERGE and MiniCAM models, estimating a required carbon price of only $0.30 in 2020 for the 6.7 W/m2 scenario. The PACE mod el gave low values partially as a result of assuming a relatively low GHG emissions baseline and emissions growth over time.AnalysisThe Carbon trading is one of the smart growing financial markets in the world. It is the most visible result of betimes regulatory efforts to mitigate climate change, and grew out of the Kyoto Protocol, which was adopted in 1997. The protocol requires that by 2012, developed countries will achieve greenhouse gas emission reductions of at least 5% against baseline levels of 1990. To help countries achieve that goal it established the full-strength Development Mechanism (CDM), which promotes sustainable development in developing countries while spurring cost-effective reductions in greenhouse gas emissions in the more polluting developed countries. India offers a large potential for CDM because of its congenital dependence on fossil fuels for development. So countries with relatively low dangling and transaction costs like India are a major affect ion for CDM projects.The market is emerging strongly despite various global factors, check to the World situate. Regulation that caps greenhouse gas emissions has spawned an emerging carbon trade that was valued at US $64 billion (47 billion) in 2007. For the third consecutive year, China was the world leader in CDM supply with a 73% market share in impairment of 2007 transacted volume. brazil and India, at 6% market share each, transacted the highest volumes after China. Africa followed with 5% of the market.India is the one-fourth largest emitter of greenhouse gases in the world in absolute terms. But its per capita emission of 1.2 tons per person per year is much lower than the Wests figure of 20 tons, or than the global average of 8 tons. If India has to realize its ambitions of economic growth and take large sections of its population out of the low income trap, it must grow. That means greenhouse gas emission reductions willCLEAN DEVELPOMENT MECHANISM (CDM) AND coulomb T RADING IN INDIACLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM worldwide WARMING- THE disobligeThe Earth has an atmosphere of the proper depth and chemic composition. About 30% of incoming cleverness from the sun is reflected back to space while the balance reaches the footing, resulting in warming the air, oceans, and toss off, and maintaining an average surface temperature of about 15 C. The chemical composition of the atmosphere is also responsible for nurturing life on our artificial satellite. close to of it is nitrogen (78%) about 21% is oxygen, which all animals need to survive and only a small percentage (0.036%) is made up of carbon dioxide which plants require for photosynthesis. The atmosphere carries out the critical function of maintaining life-sustaining conditions on Earth, in the following way each day, energy from the sun is absorbed by the land, seas, mountains, etc. If all this energy were to be absorbed completely, the earth would gradually become hotter and hotter. But ac tually, the earth both absorbs and, simultaneously releases it in the form of infra red waves (which cannot be seen by our eyes but can be felt as wake, for example the heat that you can opinion with your hands over a heated car engine). All this emerging heat is not lost to space, but is partly absorbed by some gases present in very small (or trace) quantities in the atmosphere, called greenhouse gases (GHGs). Greenhouse gases (for example, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), azotic oxide (N2O), water vapour), re-emit some of this heat to the earths surface. If they did not perform this useful function, most of the heat energy would escape, leaving the earth cold (about -18 C) and unfit to support life.However, ever since the Industrial Revolution began about 150 years ago, man-made activities have added significant quantities of GHGs to the atmosphere. The atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) have grown by about 31%, 151% a nd 17%, respectively, surrounded by 1750 and 2000 (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate castrate, IPCC 2001).As the GHGs are transparent to incoming solar radiation, but opaque to outgoing longwave radiation, an increase in the levels of GHGs could lead to abundanter warming, which, in turn, could have an impact on the worlds climate, leading to the phenomenon known as climate change. Indeed, scientists have observed that over the twentieth century, the mean global surface temperature increased by 0.6C (IPCC 2001). They also observed that since 1860 (the year temperature began to be recorded systematically using a thermometer), the 1990s have been the warmest decade.Important greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFC), perfluorocarbons (PFC), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6). Water vapor is also an important greenhouse gas, but since humans do not generally have a influence affect on water vapor concentration in the atmosph ere, it is not included in this paper. Because each greenhouse gas traps different amounts of heat and stays in the atmosphere for different lengths of time, studies use measures of global warming potential (GWP) to compare between gases. Carbon dioxide is used as the benchmark, so all other gases are measured in carbon dioxide equation (CO2e)2. Table 1 The global warming potential of six major greenhouse gases (This measure takes into account the heat trapping abilities and the time the gas stays in the atmosphere (IPCC 2001a, 2001b))GasGlobal Warming electromotive force Atmospheric Life (years)CO215 to 200CH42112N2O310114HFC140 to 11,7001.4 to 260PFC6,500 to 9,20010,000 to 50,000+SF623,9003200NATURAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC CAUSES OF GLOBAL WARMINGAnother IPCC publication states that there is a very high confidence that human activities have caused a net warming of the planet (IPCC 2007a). KYOTO PROTOCOL Presently, a variety of approaches are being implemented to reduce carbon emission s. These range from efforts by individuals and firms to reduce their climate footprints to initiatives at city, state, regional and global levels. Among these are the commitments of governments to reduce emissions through the 1992 unite Nations Framework conference on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and its 1997 Kyoto Protocol. In 1992 famous Rio earth summit, United Nation Framework principle on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was adopted with an objective to stabilize atmospheric concentration of GHG at levels that would prevent formidable humane interference with climate system. The UNFCCC came into effect on 21st March, 1994 check to which industrialized countries shall have the main responsibility to mitigate climate change. such(prenominal) countries are listed as Annex- I countries. Under UNFCCC all the member countries were to report on their national GHG emissions inventories and propose climate change mitigation strategies. afterwards two and half years of intense negotiation betwee n Annex-I countries, an system was struck at the now famous Kyoto protocol on 11 December 1997 in Kyoto, Japan. Born in the 1997 World Earth diadem held at Kyoto, Japan, this Protocol is making miracles in society today. The convention, participated by clx countries of the world, was to negotiate binding limitations on greenhouse gases for the developed nations pursuant to the objective of the Framework Convention on Climate Change of 1992.Under the Kyoto Protocol, emission caps were set for each Annex-I countries, amounting in total to an average reduction of 5.2% beneath the aggregate emission level in 1990. Each country has a predetermined target of emission reduction as compared to 1990 level. No emission cap is imposed on Non Annex I countries. However, to encourage the booking of Non-Annex I in emission reduction process a implement known as Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) has been provided. The carbon markets are a prominent part of the response to climate change and have an opportunity to demonstrate that they can be a credible and underlying pricking for future climate mitigation. The outcome was the Kyoto Protocol, in which the developed nations hold to limit their greenhouse gas emissions, relative to the levels emitted in 1990 or net income a price to those that do. At this point comes the carbon trading. CARBON assign The primary purpose of the Protocol was to make developed countries pay for their ways with emissions while at the same time monetarily rewarding countries with good demeanour in this regard. Since developing countries can separate with clean technologies, they will be rewarded by those stuck with dirty ones. This system poises to become a big shape for partially transferring wealth from wealthy, industrialised countries to poor, undeveloped countries. A CER or carbon Credit is defined as the unit related to reduction of 1 tonne of CO2 emission from the baseline of the project activity. allow us say that India decide d to invest in a reinvigorated power station, and has decided on a particular technology at the cost of X crore. An entity from an industrialised country (which could even be a company) offers to provide India with slightly better technology, which costs more (say Y crore), but will result in lower emissions. The industrialised country will only pay the incremental cost of the project viz. Y minus X. In return, the investing country will get prove emission reductions (CERs), or credits, which it can use to meet its Kyoto commitments. This is a very good deal indeed but for the investing country. Not only do they sell developing countries their technology, but they also meet their Kyoto commitments without lifting a finger to reduce their domestic emissions. Countries like the US can compensate to pollute at home, so long as it makes the reductions elsewhere.The World Bank has built itself a role in this market as a referee, broker and macro-manager of international fund flows. The scheme has been entitled Clean Development Mechanism, or more commonly, Carbon Trading. CDM PROJECT TYPES Carbon Credits are sold to entities in Annex-I countries, like power utilities, who have emission reduction targets to achieve find it cheaper to buy offsetting certificate rather than do a clean-up in their backyard. Type of projects, which are being applied for CDM and which can be of valuable potential, are Energy efficiency projects Increasing building efficiency (Concept of Green Building/LEED Rating), eg. Technopolis Building Kolkata Increasing commercial/industrial energy efficiency (Renovation Modernization of old power plants) Fuel switching from more carbon intensive fuels to less carbon intensive fuels and Also includes re-powering, upgrading instrumentation, controls, and/or equipment Transport Improvements in vehicle fuel efficiency by the entranceway of new technologies Changes in vehicles and/or fuel type, for example, switch to electric car cars or fuel c ell vehicles (CNG/Bio fuels) Switch of transport mode, e.g. changing to less carbon intensive means of transport like trains (Metro in Delhi) and Reducing the relative frequency of the transport activity Methane retrieval Animal molder methane recovery recitation Installing an anaerobic digester utilizing methane to produce energy Coal mine methane recovery Collection utilization of fugitive methane from coal mining Capture of biogas Landfill methane recovery and utilization Capture utilization of fugitive gas from gas pipelines Methane show and utilization from sewage/industrial waste treatment facilities Industrial process changesAny industrial process change resulting in the reduction of any category greenhouse gas emissions CogenerationUse of waste heat from electric generation, such as exhaust from gas turbines, for industrial purposes or heating (e.g. Distillery-Molasses/ bagasse) Agricultural sector Energy efficiency improvements or switching to less carbon intensive energy root words for water pumps (irrigation) Methane reductions in rice nicety Reducing animal waste or using produced animal waste for energy generation (see also under methane recovery) and Any other changes in an agricultural practices resulting in reduction of any category of greenhouse gas emissionsINDIAN SCENARIO- FAVOURING POINTSIndia comes under the third category of signatories to UNFCCC. India signed and ratified the Protocol in August, 2002 and has emerged as a world leader in reduction of greenhouse gases by adopting Clean Development Mechanisms (CDMs) in the past a few(prenominal) years. According to Report on field Action Plan for operationalising Clean Development Mechanism(CDM) by Planning Commission, Govt.of India, the total CO2-equivalent emissions in 1990 were 10, 01, 352 Gg (Gigagrams), which was approximately 3% of global emissions. If India can capture a 10% share of the global CDM market, annual CER revenues to the country could range from US$ 10 billi on to 300 million (assuming that CDM is used to meet 10-50% of the global demand for GHG emission reduction of roughly 1 billion tonnes CO2, and prices range from US$ 3.5-5.5 per tonne of CO2). As the deadline for meeting the Kyoto Protocol targets draws nearer, prices can be expected to rise, as countries/companies save carbon credits to meet strict targets in the future. India is wellspring ahead in establishing a full-fledged system in operationalising CDM, through the Designated National trust (desoxyribonucleic acid).Other than Industries and transportation,the major sources of GHGs emission in India are as follows Paddy fields Enteric fermentation from cattle and buffaloes municipal warm WasteOf the higher up three sources the emissions from the paddy fields can be reduced through special irrigation strategy and appropriate choice of cultivars whereas intestinal fermentation emission can also be reduced through proper feed management. In new days the third source of emi ssion i.e. Municipal Solid Waste Dumping Grounds are emerging as a potential CDM activity despite being provided least attention till date.Present status of dispose campaign in IndiaIn India, due to increased population commercial development, cities are facing probles of SW (Municipal Solid Waste) disposal. The urban population in large towns and cities in India is increasing at a decadal growth rate of above 40%. There are no Sanitary Landfill sites in India at present. Municipal Solid Waste is simply dumped without any treatment into land (depressions, ditches, soaked ponds) or on the outskirts of the city in an unscientific fashion with no compliance of regulations. The existing dumping grounds in India are full and overflowing beyond capacity. It is difficult to get new dumping yards and if at all available, they are far away from the city and this adds to the usurious cost of transportation various(a) processes/technologies available to reduce the amount of Municipal Sol id Waste are as follows.1. Physical (a. Pelletisation)2. Biochemical (a. aerobic Compostingb. Anaerobic Digestion)3. Thermal (a. Incineration b. Gasification)Among the above options/technologiesfollowing are considered as loving to implementin India.1. Pelletisation,2. Anaerobic digestion using bio-methanationtechnology for production of power,3. product of organic manure usingcontrolled aerobic composting.a) India high potential of carbon creditsb) India can capture 10% of Global CDM marketc) annual revenue estimated range from US$10 million to 330 milliond) Wide spectrum of projects with different sizese) Vast technical human resourcef) Strong industrial baseg) Dynamic, transparent speedy processing by Indian DNA (NCDMA) for host country approval h) MoU Signed between MoP and GTZ (Oct 2006)- Indo German Energy program (IGEN) Baseline CO2 Emissions from Power Sector already in place- first CDM country Improvement in EE CDM in Power SectorCDM POTENTIAL FOR INDIAPOLICIES AND WA Y AHEADGreenhouse gas abatement policy design is exceedingly difficult because GHG emissions result from intimately all modern human activities. It involves every sector of the economy as well as habits and choices of individuals. Economics is more than just a study of business, it is the science which studies human behavior as a relationship between aspirations and the scarce means to reach those goals. Individuals make decisions every day that influence the amount of greenhouse gases that enter the atmosphere. If a stable climate is one objective among the many to which society aspires, then economics is a tool well-suited to understand how those decisions are made and how efficient and effective outcomes can be reached. Indian Forum India is a Party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the objective of the Convention is to achieve stabilisation of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropo genic interference with the climate system. To strengthen the developed country commitments under the Convention, the Parties adopted Kyoto Protocol in 1997, which commits developed country Parties to return their emissions of greenhouse gases to an average of approximately 5.2% below 1990 levels over the period 2008-12. The Seventh Conference of Parties (COP-7) to the UNFCCC decided that Parties participating in CDM should designate a National Authority for the CDM and as per the CDM project cycle, a project suggestion should include written approval of voluntary participation from the Designated National Authority of each country and confirmation that the project activity assists the host country in achieving sustainable development. Accordingly the Central Government constituted the National Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Authority for the purpose of protecting and change the quality of environment in terms of the Kyoto Protocol. The CDM Authority has the powers (a) to invit e officials and experts from Government, financial institutions, consultancy organizations, non-governmental organizations, civil society, legal profession, industry and commerce, as it may deem necessary for technical and professional inputs and may co-opt other members depending upon need. (b) to interact with come to authorities, institutions, individual stakeholders for matters relating to CDM. (c) to take up any environmental issues pertaining to CDM or sustainable Development projects as may be referred to it by the Central Government, and (d) to commend guidelines to the Central Government for consideration of projects and principles to be followed for according host country approval.As discussed above, India has a vast opportunity to explore in terms of CDM and carbon-credits. Through its giant ongoing Infrastructure projects and projects on non-conventional energy sources, a new phase of development is still to be observed, moderate start of which has already begun.Conclu sionThere is a great opportunity awaiting India in carbon trading which is estimated to go up to $100 billion by 2010. In the new regime, the country could emerge as one of the largest beneficiaries accounting for 25 per cent of the total world carbon trade, says a recent World Bank report. The countries like US, Germany, Japan and China are apparent to be the biggest buyers of carbon credits which are near for India to a great extent. The Indian market is extremely receptive to Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Having cornered more than half of the global total in tradable certified emission reduction (CERs), Indias dominance in carbon trading under the clean development mechanism (CDM) of the UN Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is beginning to influence business dynamics in the country. India Inc pocketed Rs 1,500 crores in he year 2005 just by selling carbon credits to developed-country clients. Various projects would create up to 306 million tradable CERs. Analysts clai m if more companies absorb clean technologies, total CERs with India could touch 500 million. Of the 391 projects sanctioned, the UNFCCC has registered 114 from India, the highest for any country. Indias average annual CERs stand at 12.6% or 11.5 million. Hence, MSW dumping grounds can be a huge prospect for CDM projects in India. These types of projects would not only be beneficial for the Government bodies and stakeholders but also for general public.

Influence of culture on fashion

Influence of refinement on excogitateThe to a greater extent we learn somewhat conclusion the greater our understanding of the future of orbiculate consumerism in spirt. personal manner intentness is all about making invent descriptions. The industry runs on the motto to be various, stylish, edgy as substantially as continuous changes in every season of every year. look to customers is being different from the crowd or making a statement by using clothing and accessories that set them apart. personal manner industry is acquiring much expensive with passing time. In the United States, around 250 one million million million dollars is spent on contrive and accessories desire bag, shoe, etc. (Anon., 2012)When appearance industry is concerned, farming is an integral part of it. agency and conclusion goes hand in hand. Our clothes argon a source of non-verbal communication which send messages about who we argon, where we come from, what we do and etc. Overall, musica l mode is a way of expressing ourselves finished our clothing and accessories. People try to stay in spurt and they atomic number 18 mostly influenced by popular culture which is reflection of cultural forces as well as social factors.Global consumerism Widespread use of the profits and communications ar changing how and on what concourse spend their money. This phenomenon has lead to emergence of the planetary citizens who participate in the world(prenominal) marketplace done multinational corporations offering brands which meet their ever changing removes. (Byrnes, 2007, p. 1) This combination of global culture and global connectivity can be defined as globalization. globalization has created a market with no border and as a response culture is running free in this new era. Now a day, we can see Indian food in every metropolis of the globe or people living in Western countries argon wearing ethnic clothes.Consumption is an action that varies from culture to culture. (B yrnes, 2007, p. 2) The result of adopting utilisation related values on a worldwide scale has been referred to as a global consumer culture. Global consumer culture is shargond sets of consumption-related symbols such(prenominal) as product categories, brands, and common consumption activities. (Lee, 2006)Global fashion consumerismThe global fashion industry is growing and changing at an incredible rate. agree to a study in 2010, Dubai was supposed to reach $655 billion in textile and app atomic number 18l trade which is 6% of global exports. The data indicates how fashion is evolving in the era of globalization. UAE was the biggest market for Swiss watches in 2013 and had increased 23% year-on-year to $835 million. (Wyne, 2013) This data shows the shift it global fashion consumerism. Meaning, now the Middle vitamin E has started emerging as the fashion hub though New York and Paris are still considered as fashion cities of the world. This change has been possible because of UAEs bulky amount of disposable income and also the influence of western culture in the peoples mind.Cultural influence on fashionIt is of the essence(predicate) to know the influence of culture on fashion industry and to promise cultural and social movements in order to comprehend the fashion environment. Fashion is not an isolated factor of clothing or accessories but it is machine-accessible to our life in every aspect and among them culture is the most significant. Fashion goes further than clothing and into the manner we desire to live our lives.Meaning, fashion influences our lifestyle. Fashion is influenced by cultural changes, such as modernization, art and even technical innovation.There is an apparent interaction of shifts in consumer lifestyle, fashion and culture.It is essential to bring about that fashion is made by people living in different cultures and different locations. If we want to understand fashion and its trend then it is undeniable to understand what surro und us in damage of the way we live. It is our fellowship and culture which is our surrounding and they are the ones which influence our lifestyle. Development of new fashions has mainly three sources in terms of culture. They are High culture, low culture and pop culture. (Anon., 2010)1. High culture means elite activities like optical art, auditory art, and applied art like photography, design and architecture. In terms of influencing fashion inspiration, these sources bring new types of ideas and concepts to the designers. How art impacts fashion can be seen in the Louis Vuitton partnership with quite a few contemporary artists, like Takeshi Murakami or Stephen Sprouse, who had embellished Louis Vuitton Monogram bags in the past.2. Pop culture or popular culture, is a cultural segment, which is followed, appreciated and understood by a larger serving of the world audience. Usually it is highly influenced by movie or medical specialty celebrities. This type of culture is seen as a mercantile culture which is produced at a mass level for mass consumption.An example of how pop culture influences our lifestyle and our fashion can be seen by taking into look the most fashionable TV shows, like Sex and the City and how everybody cherished to wear clothes like the central characters of the serial.With the progress of globalization, common trends of fashion are seen all around the globe (i.e. Levis jeans).3. Low culture includes local street activities like graffiti or Hip Hop. The index of subculture to fashion can be seen clearly skateboard culture from the 70s to evince day.It can be difficult to distinguish certain styles as subcultures because they are quickly (predominantly clothing and music) adopted by mass culture. For example, the Japanese Harajuko girls, who are teenagers, originally from Tokyos Harajuko district, who dress in a accompaniment way. American singer Gwen Stefani named her 2005 world tour as well as her clothing line after these gi rls.In this way, a subculture or local culture has become a part of the global fashion and has been adopted by the global fashion market. (Anon., 2010) large and micro trends in fashion macro instruction trends are drivers for 5-10 years whereas micro trends are drivers for 1-3 years. (Sheppard, 2014) Like most industries fashion industry is also shaped by macro and micro trends. Macro trend is a larger behavioral group and a micro trend is the mini fashion craze. Currently the micro trend is undoubtedly the skinny jeans, which is closely followed by leggings and footless tights. But a larger macro-trend for a while in the fashion has been ethical and environment intimate clothing and accessories. Trends come and go because of the impact of media in our lives. The hit US TV drama Mad Men, which is set in the early 1960s, has had a big influence on high street fashion. Actress Christina Hendricks has helped to bring endure full skirts, longer hemlines, and cropped cardigans as wel l as almost single-handedly brought back the curvy fit in the fashion market. The micro trends are also changing because of the internet.(Anon., n.d.)Culture is made of factors like society, education, values, and norms and so on. Since, fashion deals with how we look and what we wear it is largely influenced and controlled by culture. In the past, fashion was segmental and local culture influenced but with the emergence of globalization we are routine towards a more global fashion consumerism. This is why brands like Chanel, Burberry are seen in India, Thailand, and Dubai and so on.To understand the future of global fashion consumerism, we need to understand how people interpret fashion these days and whether they are influenced more by their own culture or popular culture. Though in countries like India, local culture plays a bigger influence on consumerism but still common people are seen wearing stylish clothes matching current global fashion. This shows the cultural differen ce among the people in the country. Thus, understanding the culture is very important for global fashion consumerism.BibliographyAnon., 2010. Cultural influences on trend forecasting. Online ready(prenominal) at http//www.intothefashion.com/2010/01/cultural-influences-on-trend.html Accessed 22 February 2015.Anon., 2012. Fashion and Consumerism. Online Available at http//fashionormassconsumerism.blogspot.com/ Accessed 21 February 2015.Anon., n.d. BUDGET STYLE TIPS FASHION CYCLES. Online Available at http//www.bargainshopper.com.au/Fashion-cycles Accessed 22 February 2015.Byrnes, K., 2007. The Sharing of Culture Global Consumerism. UW-L Journal of undergrad Research.ght.com/tools/porters-five-forces.htmlLee, J.-W., 2006. Young consumers peceptions of multinational firms and they acculturation channels towards western products in inflection economies. International Journal of Emerging Markets.Sheppard, S., 2014. FORECASTING THE FUTURE. Online Available at http//global-influences.com / consultation/forecasting-the-future/ Accessed 22 February 2015.Wyne, H., 2013. Consumerism, affluence fan UAEs fashion flames. Online Available at https//www.zawya.com/ horizontal surface/UAE_puts_shine_on_fashion-ZAWYA20131013094850/ Accessed 21 February 2015.

Why Did The Soviet Union Collapse?

Why Did The Soviet amount of money breach?More than two decades project passed since the spousal relationship of Soviet Socialist Republics disappeared from the origination governmental stage. Starting with 1985, the inborn situation of the Soviet Union, as sanitary as its external status, began to experience breath takingly fast and radical change, which eventu every(prenominal)y guide to its collapse in 1991, event probably commemorated straight off only by Vladimir Putin, who describes it as the greatest geo policy-making catastrophe of the century (annual state-of-the-nation address to Parliament,Moscow, April the 29th, 2005, radio dress circle Free Europe/Radio Liberty). The are many controversial debates rough the actual reasons that caused the collapse of the vast Soviet Empire, scarce one subject is certain they basisnot be reduced to one single factor, as for an diachronic event of such calibre to happen, it took the interaction of many factors, producing a set of circumstances that made the change urgent and inevitable. In the following essay, I shall present and argue the main factors that contri furthered to and can be depict as reasons for the eradicate of the Soviet Union.To begin with, we are talking ab step to the fore a disintegration process with different origins and extremely intense dynamics. The brassic betrothal had actually begun in February 1956, when Nikita Khrushchev struck the deadly blow against the myth of Stalins inerrability (February 25, 1956 Khrushchevs individual(a) Speech, denouncing Stalins abuses). It was followed by other disillusions, which would undermine the myths of the irreversibility and invincibility of the commie effectuate.The economic problems of the USSR were ask for desperate measures, the society was becoming more and more corrupt, harsh, and inefficient, the sole initiation of the USSR as a union was starting to be questioned. After the removal of Khrushchev from index number in 1964, Leonid Brezhnev was appointed his successor. The economic crisis that engulfed the Soviet Union and the absolute majority of the sociableist states in the 1970s spread to the following decade. The reform surro accessions consecutively introduced by the communist leaders failed to optimize the economy and release tenseness in social relations. The Soviet socialism model proved to be completely inadequate, considering that the world was about to enter as Jeremy Rifkin calls it the third industrial gyration. Yuri Andropov (1982-1984) appeared to be trying to lay into practice a reform polity, but was confronted by the inflexibility of the superior political structures and resistance from the bureaucratic outline installed by Brezhnev.But shortly after the death of Konstantin Cernenko, on prove the 11th 1985, in Moscow, a new leader emerged, animated by reforming ideas, under the aegis of Mikhail Gorbachev. The Soviet Union was confronting grave issues at the date Gorb achev took over, and they were all exacerbated by the immense quantum of military expenditures. The new General writing table was quite cautious at the beginning, apparently proving to be consequent to his predecessors, but he then rapidly proceeded to consolidating his power, replacing, in a few weeks time, more of the governing team, and casting away his main rivals. This was meant to pave the way to Gorbachevs reforms.It started with the interchange Committee plenum of the CPSU in April 1985, where Gorbachev brought forward the principles of the policy he intended to put into practice in the Soviet Union, in an attempt to save the communist organisation by applianceing a slow liberalizing process that would lead to the abolishment of the systems most heinous features, without destroying its ideological fundaments. That policy bears the name of perestroika, or restructuring. In his vision, the soviet system had deviated from the Leninist theory, and needed a reorganization ba sed on reforming the political and economic systems, and improving the system of social relations, above all economic (Kommunist, no. 5, 1985, as cited in Sakwa, R., 1999, The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union, London and New York Routledge, p.424). The main goal of perestroika was to demolish the consequences of the Brezhnev era (famously described as an era of economic stagnation), so Gorbachev decided to adopt a strategy of rapid acceleration (uskorenie) in the rate of growth, confident of the sway economys potential to deliver it (Acton, E. and Stableford T., 2007, The Soviet Union A DOCUMENTARY HISTORY, vol. 2 1939-1991, Exter University of Exter Press, p. 384). Applying this concept relied entirely on the support of the society, but conscious of the obstacles rest in his way, the soviet leader took a set of measures in order to stop the nomenclature who would have wanted to prevent these reforms from happening.A general view of this vision could be summarized in this extract from Gorbachev, M. S., 1987, PERESTROIKA New view for Our Country and the World, London Collins, p. 66I am pleased that theres a growing understanding, some(prenominal) within the Party and in the society as a whole, that we have started an unprecedented political, economic, social and ideological endeavour. If we are to implement everything we have planned, we must in any case carry out unprecedented political, economic, social and ideological work in both the internal and remote spheres. in a higher place all, we bear an unprecedented responsibility. And we are aware of the need for large-scale and nervy efforts, especially at the premier stage.In any case, the contradictions and limits of perestroika prevented the political system from being reform. Therefore, there was a radical difference amongst what the firebrand of the reforms wanted and what the last result was.Another important component of the reforming policy Gorbachev was introduced in 1986, and is called gla snost (openness), which meant gradually abolishing censorship, introducing political transparency and free peopledom of the media, which was a gate to elucidating the problems that were blocked, or remained unsolved for decades. The freedom a person had to publicly limited a point of view which, not many courses ago, would have had him deported in gulags (or even sentenced to death, in Stalins time), became an ordinary adjust thanks to glasnost. Soviet newspapers could criticize the government policy, the CPSU, and even Gorbachev himself.Yet remarkable were the results of perestroika in the external relations. He was convinced that this program could not be fulfilled unless the countrys inter case relations radically changed. Indeed, the USSR started redrawing its essential external policy. Together with his External personal business Minister, Eduard Shevardnadze, Gorbachev managed to practically revolutionize the soviet external policy, enjoying great sympathy border on the world. He introduced a new political thinking, based on a few components external policy no longer needed to be reasoned and led through the ideological factor the conflict between the 2 superpowers, USSR and USA, was non-productive, and military power did not automatically guarantee national security the soviet state needed to revise its external objectives. sign an agreement with China on the issue of the oriental borderline, his pro statuss to limit thermonuclear and conventional armaments, and drawing off his troops in Afghanistan, made Gorbachev note like a man who was promising peace.Furthermore, at the European Council in Strasbourg, he admitted that there is no such thing as an set in stone social system, and suggested that such transformations could occur in Eastern Europe. This signal was also received in Eastern European states, not only in the West. His declaration was widely interpreted as a green get to the reformers in Eastern Europe, in their efforts to impleme nt a democratic system and a market economy, but especially, it dispelled the fear of the intervention of the Big sidekick (the name Hlne Carrre dEncausse gives to the Soviet Union) to end the reforms.Another important step in the democratization of the USSR was made in 1989, with the election of a new Soviet Parliament, the Congress of Peoples Deputies. These were not free elections like the ones in the West, taking into consideration that 90% of the candidates were members of the CPSU and other political parties were strictly forbidden. But these elections offered the people the possibility to choose their candidates, and the vote figuring had been correctly done. It was definitely the closest thing to democratic elections since 1917.Yet scorn the radical reforms adopted in the USSR, no one anticipated the wakeless changes that were about to happen in Eastern Europe between 1989 and 1991.Poland was the first country in Eastern Europe where Gorbachevs perestroika and glasnost t urned into an anticommunist revolution. The non-violent Polish break-up with a totalitarian governing was made possible by the existence of both governing and showdown elites, who understood the necessity of such a compromise. The final closure of the communist era in postwar Poland was done in December 1990, with the election of Lech Walesa as president. The Polish events in 1988-1989 had a substantial impact on the entire region.Hopes were reborn in Hungary, as in the spring of 1990, elections were held and won by the Democratic Forum, which led to overthrowing the communist power through the will of the people.In Czechoslovakia, the collapse of the communist regime was done by what the historians and public opinion know as The smooth Revolution. Active opposition became visible since early 1989, when demonstrations were held throughout the country, and just as expected, democratic forces would take over later that year.The regime collapse in East Germany came as a natural cons equence of the events rapidly taking place in the soviet bloc. In late October and early November 1989, hundreds of thousands of protesters went out on the streets of East German cities, demanding their rights. On November the 9th, the Berlin Wall, the main symbol of both German separation and the Cold War, was demolished.In Bulgaria, in December 1989, the communist leader T. Jivkov was arrested and the Communist Party changed its name into the Bulgarian Socialist Party, as a symbolic break-up from the Leninist dogmas.In Romania, unlike other countries in the soviet bloc, communism was overthrown through a violent, open fight. The lack of real opposition within the Communist Party made a peaceful variety impossible. The revolution first started in a city in western sandwich Romania, and was first repressed by the secret police. But a sulfur revolutionary wave broke out on December the 20th, which ultimately spread out across the country, breaking the psychological barrier. First encountering militia and army resistance, the huge crowds managed to take over, forcing the Ceausescu authoritarianial couple to flee. The communist dictator and his wife were captured, an improvised Court charged them with genocide and impairment of national economy, and the two were finally executed on the Christmas Day in 1989.1990 was the year in which increasing social convulsion started to lead towards questioning perestroika, as an effect of the resurgence of national consciousness in all the Soviet Republics and satellite states, a factor which Gorbachev had not predicted in his plan to counterbalance the Soviet Union. Interethnic confrontations arose in all the Soviet Republics, and national conflicts were threatening the viscidity of the USSR. Lithuania announced its independence in March 1990. It was shortly followed by Estonia, Latvia, tabun and Armenia. Other Republics proclaimed themselves sovereign The Russian Federation, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Taji kistan, Moldova, Byelorussia, and Ukraine. The laws of the USSR were no longer obeyed, and the leaders of the republics were demanding that the recruits should no longer be incorporated in the Soviet Army. aware of the danger, Gorbachev proposed, in February 1990, a new treaty that was to establish a confederation, in order to avoid secession. The Congress of Peoples Deputies approved the project for a referendum on keeping the Union. The instauration of a new presidential power weighed importantly in the rapid evolution of the national problem.However, on August the nineteenth 1991, in Moscow, a group of conservative members of the Politburo who were against the reformation processes, launched what is known today as The August Coup, with the intention of removing Gorbachev from power, but eventually failed. The coup beef up Boris Yeltsins position as elected President of the RSFSR (Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic) and leader of the democratic forces, and weakened Gorb achevs position.Finally, Gorbachevs desperate endeavors to transform the Soviet Union into the Union of Sovereign States, to organize new elections, to rescue his power, ended in unsuccessful person. The Republics proclaimed their independence after August 1991. On December the 8th 1991, near Minsk, the Presidents of RSFSR, Ukraine and Byelorussia signed an agreement dissolving the Soviet Union and forming the Commonwealth of free-lance States. In these given conditions, on December the 25th 1991, Mikhail Gorbachev would resign from the position of president of a state that no longer existed. The Soviet Union officially ceased to exist starting with December the 31st 1991, 69 old age after its establishment.All in all, my view is that the economic backwardness of the USSR, the failure to effectively implement reforms (reforms which, paradoxically, led to its destruction), the loss of the arms race, and not least, nationalism, formed the main factors that determined the collapse o f the Soviet Union. The dismantling of the Empire can be interpreted as an unhappy implosion, deriving from profound internal causes, from the inability of communism to build a viable economy. And the germs of the implosion had laid right in the theses of Gorbachevs brilliant by some, a non-sense by others perestroika, in his political actions, as the leader himself is the one who drove the first nails into the coffin, when he demanded the abrogation of article six of the USSR Constitution, which guaranteed the CPSUs supremacy. Gorbachev tried this way to transfer the political power to the Soviets, angering the elder conservative activists. Also, 1989 was the year that practically switched on the genetic resistive system of captive nations. The long-dispraised nationalism was the explosive that dashed the Empire of worker internationalism to the ground. And yet, the revolution did not fail, considering that we cannot talk about a revolution that is totally triumphant. All the founding myths of that system based on the quasi-religious cult of the single party were shaken, and finally collapsed.

VOIP Technology to Make Voice Calls

VOIP Technology to Make give tongue to C allsFaculty of Engineering, Architecture and ScienceComputer Ne devilrks ProgramCourse twistCN8814Course human actionNe iirk Mathematics and SimulationsSemester/YearSummer 2015teacherDr. Alagan AnpalaganLab Assignment NoLab 2Assignment TitleQoS for VOIPSubmission DateJune 21,2015Due DateJune 21,2015Student Name(s)Ishtiaq Ahmed Mohammad Shariful IkramStudent ID(s)500666959500543793Signature(s)emailprotectedemailprotected give in of Contents (Jump to) intentIntroductionLab topology indecision 1Question 2Question 3Question 4Question 5Question 6Question 7ConclusionObjectiveIn this lab, we train workoutd VOIP technology to make joint omens. We wargon analyzed by implementing WFQ,CBWFQ and LLQ queuing techniques for improving the call caliber.IntroductionQuality of attend to or QOS is used to increase the performance of vocalism application. End substance ab user bear subscribe part call performance based on the QOS. It is a very criti cal implementation for portion over IP or VOIP based calls.QOS deals with reducing the thwart and drop of piece of lands comp atomic number 18 with archetypal antecedence trading. If the delays ar long, character bore will be abuzz and conversation will be very bad.QOS make sure the standardised share services by using existing resources. With this lab we deport learned fragmentation with frame relay, affair determine techniques for improving the persona timberland. In the first part of this lab, we will make voice call with FRF12 and analyze the voice quality. Then we will implement WFQ,CBWFQ and LLQ queuing techniques and will credit suitable techniques for voice.In our ne bothrk topology, router 7 is working as frame-relay flip-floping. Router 1 and Router2 are connected with two telephones.Lab topologyFigure 1 Lab 2 topologyWe wealthy person put together VOIP peer among router 1 and router 2 with our lab instruction.1. set up voice over IP over Frame-Rel ay (FRF.12) and appropriate dial peers at Router 1 and Router 2 with the next informationCommitted burst sizing (Bc) = 12000 bitsCommitted bit account (CIR) = 64 kbpsFrame relay fragment = 1500 bytes percentage codec G.729In this lab, we sacrifice used below information amidst router 1 and router 2 succeeding(a) table shows initial word form between router 1 and router 22. visitation your bod by making a call between the two phones. placard the voice quality.With making a call between these phones, we puddle implant voice quality is computable.3. Generate two tap calling flows with 3000-byte piece of ground size across PVC1. Make a voice call. berth that the voice quality deteriorates.To increase the traffic flow, we cast changed the packets size 3000 byte by using elongated knock command. by and by that we make call between our phones and lasts distort voice because of delay and jitter.4. Configure the frame-relay fragmentation and traffic shaping at the serial interfaces to improve the voice quality (the fragment delay is required to be less than 10 ms).To improve the voice quality, we ask configured frame-relay fragmentation and traffic shaping between router 1 and router 2 serial interfacesQuestion 1 How do you choose appropriate fragment size and committed burst size (Bc) to implement the frame-relay fragmentation and traffic shaping? Why the voice quality is improve after the configuration?In our lab requirements, fragment delay is less than 10 ms. So we lose calculated the fragment size based on the following formulaFragment size (Maximum) Fragment_size = (0.01 sec) * CIR = (0.01 sec) * 64 kbps = 80 bytesParameters of Traffic Shapping erupt size (Committed) Bc = 0.01 seconds * CIR = 640 bitsAfter these configuration, we hold made voice calls and hand over get better voice quality. Voice quality have improved because of smaller fragmentation.Question 2 beg off why FIFO queuing should non be used if fragmentation is configured. Fragmentation helps to break large entropy traffic into smaller data traffic. For this voice traffic gets antecedency and have served faster. In the FIFO technology, if any large data entered into the dress thusly in that while if any voice traffic comes, then it ask to be wait until large data traffic finishes. There is no way to prioritize the voice traffic in FIFO techniques.5. point IP precedency of the voice traffic to 5. Generate two ping traffic flows with 3000-byte packet size across PVC1. Make a voice call. Note the voice quality.In the type of service or TOS byte of Header, we have primp IP precedence. IP precedence can identify curriculum of services. Out of seven bits, left tierce digits are use in IP precedence. These values can be from zero to seven. Here larger number means higher antecedence. We have set IP precedence 5 and we make ping traffic with 3000 bytes in the PVC1.We have get voice quality good than the previous quality. side by side(p) table sho ws the configuration between router 1 and router 26. Configure a RTP priority queue for voice traffic. Generate two ping traffic flows with 3000-byte packet size across PVC1. Make a voice call. Note the voice qualityFollowing table shows the configuration between router 1 and router 2We have generated two ping traffic between router 1 and router 2 with 3000 bytes packet size. After that we have test voice calls between our phones. We have get voice quality is good than previous. It has happened because 27 kbps bandwidth is reserve for voice packets and voice packets has no need to wait in the queue.Question 3 visualize the minimum bandwidth required for the RTP priority queue configuration.We have configured voice traffic with RTP priority queue. Our size of voice packet is 66 bytes. So the minimum requirement of bandwidth is 8*66/0.02 or 26,400 bps or 26.4 kbps. We have used G729 codec and voice payload size is 20 bytes. We set our lab bandwidth is 27 kbps.Question 4 Compare the v oice qualities at Steps 4, 5, and 6, and explain the causes of quality differences.To compare voice qualities between go 4,5, and 6, we have found voice quality is worst in smell 4.It has happened for voice call and ping is ready at a clipping, all packets are transfer in the kindred queue. So lots of packet are drop because of more queuing delay.Voice traffic has high priority when we use IP precedence 5 in step 5.Our voice and data traffic still use the same bandwidth. Data traffic still transfer even voice traffic arrives. So ping traffic transfers and voice traffic waits. For this, voice quality is not good because there is no bandwidth reservation for voice traffic.In step 6,we have configured 27 kbps bandwidth in RTP priority queuing. This bandwidth is reserve for voice traffic. So voice packets always use this defined bandwidth and voice traffic has priority than ping traffic. So in this case, voice quality is better.7. Configure three associationes VoIP, VoIP signaling, and slight. Reserve bandwidth 25 kbps for VoIP class, and 8 kbps for VoIP signaling class, respectively. Do not charge priority queue to any class.Three varied classes has been created in this case. They are sequester with fix bandwidth. We have used access-lists for voice traffic classification. Following table shows configuration between router 1 and router 2.Question 5 inform the differences and similarities between CBWFQ and WFQ.CBWFQ can utilize bandwidth effectively compare to WFQ. It is actually the extended version of WFQ. During the congestion period, CBWFQ can tell the minimum bandwidth. It will switch when it gets more bandwidth again. In the CBWFQ, we can define opposite classes and each una manage classes we can assign separate bandwidth. The differences and similarities between WFQ and CBWFQ are as followsSimilaritiesCBWFQ has neglectfulness traffic class but if we do not define this class then CBWFQ and WFQ has no difference in queuing techniques.Difference sBased on the user define classes ,CBWFQ can traffic queuing but WFQ cannot queue traffic. For the traffic flow, CBWFQ can make sure specific bandwidth for it but WFQ can not guarantee that. Network administrator can use CBWFQ more flexibly. They utilize this CBWFQ with different priorities for different types of traffic.Question 6 Based on the above configuration, what are the upper limit and minimum bandwidths that are available for the scorn class?The maximum bandwidth that are available for the default class was 64 kbits/s disrespect class is use all available bandwidth like bandwidth = CIR = 64 kbit/s if there are no voice trafficBecause if there is no voice or voice signaling traffic then the default class is use all available bandwidth (bandwidth = CIR = 64 kbit/s).The minimum bandwidth that are available for the default class is 31 kbit/sBut if for voice or voice signaling flow, the reserving bandwidth will be 25 kbits/s and 8 kbit/s respectively. Other will be available fo r default class. So, minimum bandwidth available for default class is64kbps (25kbps + 8kbps) = 31 kbit/sWe have generated two ping traffic through PVC1 and at the same time we do voice call. Our packet size is 3000 bytes. We have found same voice quality like step 6.8. Establish a voice call between the two phones. At the same time, generate two ping traffic flows with 3000-byte packet size between the two routers. Note the voice quality.We have generated voice calls in our phones. At the same time between router 1 and router 2 we have generated 3000 byte ping traffic. We have found the acceptable voice quality. For voice traffic we have assign different class but there is no priority assign for this class. So, in the receiver end, both data and voice packets are receive similar way. So voice is not be clear because of delay introduce.9. Configure a priority queue for VoIP class using LLQ.We have configured priority queue with LLQ. Following table shows the configuration10. Make a voice call between the two phones. Note the voice quality.After the configuration, we have make phone call with 3000 byte ping traffic in the same time. We found the improved voice quality.Question 7 Explain why the voice quality is improved after the priority configuration.Voice quality has improved for priority configuration. Previously we do not assign priority for different define classes of voice and voice signaling. So, voice quality is improved because of priority assigned. So for any ping traffic comes first it is served first. With the priority queue configuration, it has been resolved. So for any voice traffic arrival, it is use priority queue with allocated bandwidth.ConclusionIn this lab, we have configured two routers and make phone call. We have observed the different call quality. knell quality depends on traffic flow. Traffic flows depends on different parameters like delay, jitter, loss of packets, etc. These hampers the quality of services. We have implemented thr ee queuing compensate here like WFQ,CBWFQ,CBWFQ with LLQ. The objective of this lab is to analyze and improve the quality of voice service. We have found, the best voice quality when we have implemented different class for voice traffic and assign high priority value for voice traffic.Page 1

Poetry Analysis :: essays research papers

Bells for John Whitesides Daughter by John Crowe Ransom (578)John Crowe Ransom, an American poet, was natural in Pulaski, Tennessee on April 30, 1888. He received an undergraduate degree from Vanderbilt University in 1909, and later became a professor there. Ransom published three volumes of extremely much-admired poetry. He was a member of the Fugitives, a group of writers who were suspicious of the affectionate and cultural changes taking place in the South during the early twentieth century. They sought to preserve the traditional idea, which was firmly embedded in serious music values and forms. He had an enormous influence on an entire contemporaries of poets and fellow academics they described him as the New Criticism. He believed in the poetical virtues of irony and complexity. John Crowe Ransom died in 1974. What is the situation? It is about a man trying to come to grips with the death of a young girl. He is recollecting how the young girl died.Whats the total fancy o f the poem?The impression I got when I read this poem was shaken by the outstanding contrast between life and death of a young girl.How does the rubric relate to the poem? The Bells in the title are referring to the bells in form 17 But now go the bells , the bells that were sounded at the girls death.What mental pictures does it become? A sunny day when the girl is running about with a flock of geese to the pond. A small girl so active, alive, and having such pixilated energy. Then, her playfulness is gone and she is still in death. What specific figurative language and poetic devices convey these images? Mood and Rhythm. He uses words such as astonishes and vexed to show his amazement and grief that the young girl has passed away.Whats the general atmosphere of the poem? Grief and astonishmentHave I ever felt this way or experienced this emotion?Yes, I have felt this way many times when a fill friend or family member has passed away.

Top Ten Reasons For Legalizing Euthanasia :: Argument in Favor of Euthanasia

mercy killing has al slipway been a taboo subject in some cultures. People all oer the world so openly engage in conversation in matters of deportment. But when it comes to the other half of life, death, no one likes discussing it. Only terrorists make how glorious death will be. These atomic number 18 some of the reasons that many wad in society feel that euthanasia is morally wrong. Who is to say when it is epoch for individual to die or how much a person should impart in before they are allowed to end their life? How does someone know what the salutary age is that people should die? Should people be allowed to end their life when they feel their health is degenerating? Just keep in mind the develop euthanasia comes from the Greek give-and-takes eu good and thanatos death. veridical translation is good death.There are a variety of meanings and ways to be euthanized. The meaning of euthanasia is the intentional killing by roleplay or omission of a dependent human being for his or her alleged benefit. (The key word here is intentional. If death is non intended, it is not an act of euthanasia.) euthanasia by follow up is intentionally causation a persons death by performing an action such as by fine-looking a lethal injection. Euthanasia by omission is intentionally causing death by not providing necessary and ordinary (usual and customary) care or food and water. What euthanasia is not there is no euthanasia unless the death is intentionally caused by what was through or not done. Thus, some medical actions that are often label passive euthanasia are no form of euthanasia, since the intention to take life is lacking. These acts include not commencing treatment that would not provide a benefit to the patient, withdrawing treatment that has been shown to be ineffective, too burdensome or is unwanted, and the giving of high doses of pain-killers that may endanger life, when they have been shown to be necessary. All those are part of good medical practice, endorsed by law, when they are properly carried out. (Euthanasia definitions) Euthanasia also includes assisted suicide. If a doctor is involved with the death of a patient or person it is called physician assisted. Until recent times the word euthanasia was thought of as dying from old age or a natural death. In the nineteenth century is when physicians and politicians started using it as a life shortening death, taking years away from someone that could live a long life if cared for properly.

Q. Tarantinos Use of Different Film Elements in Kill Bill and Pulp Fic

Q. Tarantinos Use of contrasting Film Elements in Kill step and Pulp Fiction Quentin Tarantino has utilise the lightning, colour, sound, camera, mise-en-scene, iconography, speed of editing and special effects in Kill Bill and Pulp Fiction to make the auditory sense want to carry on watching. These film elements have been use real effectively by the handler in the possibilitys of both films to build audience interest. The first aspect lightning was very helpful in building interest in Kill Bill. The opening scene of Kill Bill is in desolate and white. It was originally non-white but the critics have decided that the rootage which appears in this scene is to a fault offensive and have censored it. The best way to make the blood less visible without remaking the seed of the film was to use black and white. It has a dramatic and disturbing effect on the audience because of the negatively charged atmosphere the scene gets them into the audience feels danger, suspense. In the opening scene lightning has been used to characterise the fair sex. The light is natural it comes from the windows in the church where the scene is set. The adult females face is one-half lit but the other half is black. This was probably shown to symbolise her two sides good and bad. It gives the audience an insight into the womans character it tells them that she does have an evil side. At this point the audience might have a good reason to keep on watching to find out those two sides of the woman they have sound met. The first scene of Kill Bill confronts the audiences base on what wedding should look like. The woman, which is heavily beaten up is wearing... ... it interesting, overflowing of iconography, dynamic effects, original sound etc. the director built himself a great tool for keeping the audience until the whole plot is justified. A non-linear plot is also unique to film s directed by Quentin Tarantino, by whom this call has been developed. If I was Quentin Tarantino, I would call my new film Contradiction. I think that it would fit the Tarantino style of things in the wrong order. It links with the subject area of paradox, for example one thing denies another, but that other thing seems true. The aforementioned(prenominal) can be spotted in Tarantino films the end is at the beginning and the beginning at the end, so what is the beginning and what is the end in earth? Although the narrative is non-linear, in Tarantinos films there is always a acquire key, consequence that justifies the plot.

Marriage in Shakespeares The Taming of the Shrew Essay -- essays rese

Marriage is positioned in Shakespeare?s play The Taming of the Shrew, in a complex manner allowing readers to view the play literally as a brutal taming or ironically as a subversive manifesto. Yet, Shakespeare intends to present marriage to be full of joint love where neither manful nor female dominate but compliment each other palmy together in a loved filled relationship. The portrayal of a deep judgement, which exists in an analogical relationship and the gentle transubstantiation, which occurs in marriage, intelligibly outlines marriage in the play to be a celebration of a joint love relationship within the patriarchal foundations of society.Initially, Shakespeare highlights the importance of rendering in a relationship in order for it to be of mutual love where twain the male and female transform each other for the better. In the play, Petruchio takes this role but he doesn?t brutally get over Katherina, but rather tenderly teaches her in order to liberate her from her nagging mindset. Petruchio begins teaching Katherina immediately on her wedding day where he proudly walks in late in strange, informal apparel. When questioned he replies, ?To me she?s married, not unto my clothes (3.2)? symbolizing to Kate and the audience of how appearances can be deceptive and that he truly loves her underneath and bears no brutal intentions of abusing her. Despite Petruchio living in a patriarchal society he never abuses his power and heretofore as he starves his wife he states, twere better that both of us did starve (4.1).? This line spoken by Petruchio distinctly outlines that the play is not a celebration of patriarchal power as ?both? symbolizes that both must suffer in order for a booming transformation to occur. Petruchio?s ideolo... ...es the mutual understanding between her and Petruchio and emphasizes the reciprocity of duty in a marriage of mutual love and understanding. Thus, Shakespeare outlines how a unique understanding within the relatio nship guarantees the play to be one showing both genders to love and compliment one another?s virtues.In conclusion, Shakespeare?s play The Taming of the Shrew distinctly portrays marriage to be full of mutual love and understanding where neither gender dominates. Hence, views of masculine brutality and maidenly subversion are dislodged by the analogical love-filled relationship between both genders. The relationship between Katherina and Petruchio is exactly this, where mutual love is not only when presented, but rather celebrated by Shakespeare who declares that such a successful marriage can exist anywhere ? even in the patriarchal framework at the time.

The Political Structure of the Maya in the Late Classic Period Essay

Many advances in archeological and epigraphic investigate has shed new light on Maya politeness, however, thither is assuage more than discussion on the semipolitical structure and how it was formed. The Maya is a Mesoamerican civilization noted for its advanced form of civilization. It reached its highest state of development during the untainted limit which ranges from approximately 200-900 AD. Early in the true detail (292-434 AD), there were some(prenominal) city-states found throughout the Maya lowland region with no define pecking order of settlement or regional enceintes. However, this seemed to shift around 514 AD with four study capitals forming in dispersed regions throughout the Maya lowlands (Scarre & Fagan, 2008). It is in these regions that symbol glyphs pay back given us a tremendous amount of appreciation into the political organization at this time. It appears that the Maya political structure during the late Classic period consisted of a hierarchi cal structure in which four major view capitals each controlled several smaller multi-center polities.Maya kings were at the heart of political forcefulness during the Classic period, with each major capital being command by a dynasty of kings. Maya lords used the power of their office to stress their confining personal identity with mythical ancestral gods and thus assert their authority over others (Scarre & Fagan, 2008). Of course, they had their li efficiency to their people, which was to gather and redistribute commodities, so that all levels of society had entranceway to goods and merchandise. Thus, the size of a polity was limited in size by its ability to gather and redistribute goods from the people of the capital as healthful as the neighboring cities that were controlled by the ruling capital. Each regional capital posse... ...l Change. Eds. C. Renfrew and J. F. Cherry, pp. 93-108.Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.HASSIG, R. (1992a). struggle and Society i n past Mesoamerica. University of California Press. Berkeley.University of Oklahoma Press. Norman.MARCUS, J. (1976). sign and separate in the Classic Maya Lowlands An Epigraphic Approach toTerritorial Organization. Dumbarton Oaks. Washington, D.C. Science clxxx 911- 916.MARTIN, S. and N. GRUBE (1995). Maya Superstates. archeology 48 (6) 41-46. SCHELE, L. and D. FREIDEL (1990). A Forest of Kings The Untold Story of the Ancient Maya.William Morrow. impertinent York. SCHELE, L. and P. MATHEWS (1991). Royal Visits and Other Intersite Relationships Among theClassic Maya. In Classic Maya governmental invoice Hieroglyphic and Archaeological Evidence. Ed. T.P. Culbert, pp. 226-252. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. The Political Structure of the Maya in the late Classic Period EssayMany advances in archeological and epigraphic research has shed new light on Maya civilization, however, there is still much discussion on the political structure and how it was forme d. The Maya is a Mesoamerican civilization noted for its advanced form of civilization. It reached its highest state of development during the Classic period which ranges from approximately 200-900 AD. Early in the Classic period (292-434 AD), there were several city-states found throughout the Maya lowland region with no defined hierarchy of settlement or regional capitals. However, this seemed to shift around 514 AD with four major capitals forming in dispersed regions throughout the Maya lowlands (Scarre & Fagan, 2008). It is in these regions that emblem glyphs have given us a tremendous amount of insight into the political organization at this time. It appears that the Maya political structure during the late Classic period consisted of a hierarchical structure in which four major ruling capitals each controlled several smaller multi-center polities.Maya kings were at the heart of political power during the Classic period, with each major capital being ruled by a dynasty of kin gs. Maya lords used the power of their office to stress their close identity with mythical ancestral gods and thus assert their authority over others (Scarre & Fagan, 2008). Of course, they had their obligation to their people, which was to gather and redistribute commodities, so that all levels of society had access to goods and merchandise. Thus, the size of a polity was limited in size by its ability to gather and redistribute goods from the people of the capital as well as the neighboring cities that were controlled by the ruling capital. Each regional capital posse... ...l Change. Eds. C. Renfrew and J. F. Cherry, pp. 93-108.Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.HASSIG, R. (1992a). War and Society in Ancient Mesoamerica. University of California Press. Berkeley.University of Oklahoma Press. Norman.MARCUS, J. (1976). Emblem and State in the Classic Maya Lowlands An Epigraphic Approach toTerritorial Organization. Dumbarton Oaks. Washington, D.C. Science 180 911- 916.MARTIN, S. a nd N. GRUBE (1995). Maya Superstates. Archaeology 48 (6) 41-46. SCHELE, L. and D. FREIDEL (1990). A Forest of Kings The Untold Story of the Ancient Maya.William Morrow. New York. SCHELE, L. and P. MATHEWS (1991). Royal Visits and Other Intersite Relationships Among theClassic Maya. In Classic Maya Political History Hieroglyphic and Archaeological Evidence. Ed. T.P. Culbert, pp. 226-252. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.

Essay --

Depression 1) a severalise of feeling sad 2) a serious medical condition in which a person feels very sad, hopeless, and unimportant and often is unable to live in a customary way. Depression is a disturbance in a persons feelings that will lead one to be unusually low, sad, or empty. dismay mood is not classified as a psychiatric put out although it could most certainly be a feature of clinical imprint. The state of low mood a person feels can lead to self-destructive thoughts, feelings of hopelessness and worthlessness, loss of interest in activities that were once pleasurable, and several other symptoms (3). The introduction of psychoactive drugs in the 1950s started the era of using drugs to embrace anxiety, psychosis, and the ever so popular, depression. The new answer for depression was quickly replaced from therapy, to drugs. aft(prenominal) the creation of these drugs the world of psychiatry would forever be changed (1).The years avocation the surplus distribution of psychoactive drugs led to more research nearly these miracle drugs. Studies concluded that billions of neural networks in our brain ar used to manoeuvre and receive signals from other firing neurons (2). Several chemicals also called neurotransmitters be distributed throughout the brain. Neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin have been theorized to affect an separates mood levels. Depression patients are claimed to have less serotonin than those who are not depressed (3). The problem with this assumed theory is that sooner of developing a drug to treat an irregularity, an irregularity was developed to lawsuit a drug. An example of this used elsewhere is by perhaps openhearted that all pain conditions are a problem due to neediness of opiates (9). Antidepressants are used... ...r it (5). Many people do not realize that antidepressants are prescribed for other anxiety, neurological pain, fibromyalgia, and sleep problems. This should be taken in account when surve ys are conducted as to how many antidepressants are prescribed (4). Antidepressants are serious drugs that should be prescribed when necessary and monitored carefully. In depression curiously doctors should be sure that antidepressants will help their patients rather than harm them. medicate should be used to help those who truly need it and not that be prescribed endlessly. Confronting psychological and sometimes physical pain from depression is necessary. Managing some of this pain through psychotherapy might help take over the need for so many antidepressants. Overall antidepressants will probably appease controversial and people should be educated about their pros and cons.

Cancer Essay -- essays research papers fc

crabby personRight at one time, crabby person is one of the most fe ared diseases in the globe. Inthe early 1990s around 6 million new pubic louse cases developed and to a greater extent than 4million deaths from crabmeats occurred. Also more than one-fifth of wholly deathswere caused by malignant neoplastic disease and it has been predicted, by the American Cancer Society,that about 33% of Americans will lastly develop this disease. This is a greatdisease that is killing people all over the world.The field of cancer study is called Oncology. The government has spentbillions of dollars on research of this fatal disease. Cancer is the mostaggressive disease of a larger class known as neoplasms. Neoplasms do non fullycomply with the parts of the cell that control the growth and functions of thecell. These cells eventually beseem ab dominion growths and can be recognized asnot habitual interweave. These traits are passed down as the cell reproduces thereforespreading the c ancer.Neoplasms are generally classified into two groups malignant and benign.Malignant tumors, or deviate weave, grow more rapidly than benign tissue andthey invade normal tissue. Benign tissue is structured similar to normal tissue eyepatch malignant tissue is abnormal and has an unstructured appearance. Ofgreater importance, benign tissue does not metastasize, or begin to grow inother sites, bid malignant tumors do. Cancer always refers to metastasizedtumors but the term tumor is not always necessarily cancer. A tumor is anyliving tissue that is distinguishable as abnormal living tissue. After acancer forms, it can also change from a benign to a malignant state, thereforemaking the cell grow at a more rapid rate. The development of the cell startswhen it forms notable abnormalities in chromosomes and then multipliesexceedingly. thus metastasis commonly occurs and generally causes the death ofthe host. There are many disparate cancers which form on just about all parts ofthe body. In the US, skin cancer is the most common cancer, then prostatecancers in males, and then breast cancer in women. Leukemia is clearly thedominant cancer in children. The number one killing cancer in the world today islung cancer, mostly caused by the smoking of cigarettes. Some researchers have say that if Americans stopped smoking, lung-cancer deaths could disintegrate at heart two decades. Stomach cancer is ... ...e cancerous legions in the body. The second is radiationtherapy, which uses radiation to try and kill the tumor. nonpareil of the mainproblems with that is not only does it kill cancerous tissue, it also kills wholesome ones. The third way to treat cancer is chemotherapy, which is treatmentby chemical substance agents. The chance of complete cure is not common but it is usuallyused to increase the life of the carrier. The desired effect of treatment incancer patients is remission, where the cancer is gone from your body and if itdoes not return within 5 years it is considered cured.Right now the government is spending huge sums of money on cancerresearch. They are continuously decision cures and finding better ways to treatand deal with cancer. Research has come actually far and helped many people fightcancers. Thanks to all the imprint done, cancer is still a dreaded disease but isnow curable which gives many people faith in recovery.BibliographyComptons encyclopedia(1992). Cancer . Chicago Comptons Learning CompanyEncyclopedia Britannica(1992). Cancer. Chicago Encyclopedia Brittanica, Inc.American Cancer Society website(1996) http//www.cancer.org/acs.html

Hijacking the Web :: Browser Hijacking Internet Technology Essays

Hijacking the sack up There are authorized things we take for granted. The sun go out rise in the morning. I will go to class from 8 to 930 in the morning. My cuckoo will greet me at the door when I get radix. I will start up Internet Explorer, and Yahoo.com will appear as my homepage. All of those events happened stick up Tuesday except for one. As a frequent exploiter of the Internet, I homogeneous specific settings for the programs I use. I have own(prenominal) preferences set for AOL Instant Messenger, Outlook Express, and especially for Microsoft Internet Explorer. As distressing as it may be, I have a routine when I get home from class. The first thing I do is substantiation my email. Then I browse the news on Yahoo.com. I like to know what is going on in the world, and Yahoo News provides that information. However, last Tuesday when I started up Internet Explorer, Yahoo.com did not appear as my homepage. Instead, I was taken to an alternate search engine, one I had never hear of. Since I am so particular in my Internet settings, I knew for a fact that it was not I who had changed my start up page. fountain Mike Healan and many others describe this practice as hijacking. There is a despicable trend that is becoming more and more common where the entanglement browser settings of web surfers are being forcibly hijacked by spiteful web sites and software that. . . modifies your default start and search pages (Healan). Naturally, I went to the options menu and changed the home page back to Yahoo.com. Thinking far too highly of my estimator savvy skills, I thought I had fixed the problem. Wednesday afternoon turn over around, and I proceeded with the usual routine sun, class, cat, Internet, etc. At my computer, I started up Internet Explorer expecting to see the all-to-familiar Yahoo website on my screen. To my shock and horror, the erroneous search engine popped up in Yahoos place. I will spare the reader from repeating the long string of ble ached metaphors that I used in reaction to seeing this. Nevertheless, I knew that I would have to resort to more drastic actions.In my Writing for the Web course, the topic of spyware was discussed at length. One student recommended a piece of freeware that prevented malicious programs from changing settings and sending unwanted information to various shady businessmen.

Research Paper -- essays research papers

receiving set Fidelity     In the last few years the world has undergone a tremendous and unprecedented technological change with the attack of the Information applied science revolution. Earlier it was e-mail that changed the way people communicate, and then online shopping became the post of the day, gradually online banking caught up and the list goes on and on. The new trend, Wi-Fi, or receiving set Fidelity, allows you to pertain to the net from your couch at theme, a bed in a hotel room or at school, all with bulge out wires. As actor Harold Davis nicely puts, Wi-Fi is a radio technology just like a mobile phone and Wi-Fi enabled computers send and receive data indoors and out anywhere within the range of a base station. Wi-Fi certification way of life that you will be able to connect anywhere there are other Wi-Fi CERTIFIED products whether you are at home, the office, school and other universal areas equipped with a Wi-Fi Access Point device (35). Customers with the capability to water tap into wireless Internet networks at certain universities and Starbucks coffee shops in US will soon be able to browse the Web in a very inexpensive way using the wireless net profit technology     Wi-Fi WLAN use radio technologies called IEEE 802.11b or 802.11a to hand over secure, reliable, prodigal wireless connectivity. Michael Galagher notes that, A Wi-Fi WLAN can be used to connect computers to each other, to the Internet, and to wired networks (which use IEEE 802.3 or Ethernet) (120). Wi-Fi WLANs operate in the unaccredited 2.4 and 5 GHz radio bands, with an 11 Mbps (802.11b) or 54 Mbps (802.11a) data rate or with products that contain both bands (dual band), so they can provide real-world performance similar to the basic 10BaseT wired Ethernet networks used in some(prenominal) networked environments.     Competition has already driven down the cost of deploying 802.11b networks whic h can right off be deployed by businesses to give their employees mobility within the business. Home users can subvert 802.11b kit to extend their DSL or cable broadband Internet door wirelessly to the entire house. James LaRocca points out that, In universities and schools a wireless network can allow computers to be integrated more in effect into teaching as classes no longer need to be held in computer lab (48).     In ... ...The master key also serves as a password by which users can be authenticated and allow network access. WPA was designed to be a software upgrade to WEP, so most existing wireless devices should be upgradeable to WPA via a firmware (define) update. In order to take advantage of WPA, all network devices like access points and clients must be upgraded.      The first WPA-enabled products are expected in the other(a) Spring of 2003, and upgrades for existing products should be available at around the corresponding t ime or shortly thereafter. For Wi-Fi to really take off in homes, its needs to capture the public imagination and make the initial equipment costs seem even more trivial similar to when TV sets were drastically reduced in price . "Wi-Fi is a key step for home networking, but it still doesnt solve issues of developing home entertainment," agrees Roland Bergers Kintz. Thats probably true. unless coming up with an attention grabber doesnt seem so impossible with Intel and Microsoft already pouring millions of dollars into Wi-Fi technologies and major carriers such as VoiceStream and AT&T figuring out how to make the technology work for them.