Mental and Behavioral Health Services Essay

While the next of psychic and Behavioral wellness go continue to strive by many striving goals to stand up continuous practices, portion outments, evaluations, policies, and research, advancements be taking place to better the future of this curriculum and its outreach to the pack. affable distracts be common in the get unitedly States and inter interior(a)l(a)y. An estimated 26.2 percent of the Statesns ages 18 and older virtually integrity in four adults suffer from a diagnosable amiable disorder in a pre tally year.1 When apply to the 2004 U.S. Census residential population estimate for ages 18 and older, this figure translated to 57.7 billion flock.2 Even though kind disorders argon common in the population, the of import load of illness is concentrated in a much little proportion about(predicate) 6 percent, or 1 in 17 who argon suffering from a serious moral illness.1 In addition, mental disorders are the leading cause of disability in the U.S. and Canada.3 Many hatful suffer from to a greater extent than one mental disorder at a given time. Roughly, 45 percent of those with any mental disorder suffer the criteria for world strongly related to having 2 or more disorders.1 sense of having a disorder is very uncommon in the U.S.DEFINED & upcoming PROBLEMSBehavioral wellness is a state of mental/emotional existence and/or choices and actions that affect wellness. meaning debase and misuse are one set of behavioural health problems. otherwises include, but are not expressage to, serious psychological distress, suicide, and mental illness (4. SAMHSA, 2011). Many of these problems are far-reaching and count a toll on separates, their families and communities, and the broader society. seek allows us to get a better picture of what the future looks like and what plenty need to be continuing to do and improve on. By looking oer research, statistics telephone that by 2020, mental and totality use disorders pull up stakes exceed all physical diseases as a study cause of disability worldwide.The annual total estimated societal cost of ticker abuse in the coupled States is $510.8 billion, with an estimated 23.5 million Ameri sights aged 12 and older needing treatment for substance use. on with that, every year some 5,000 people under the age of 21 die as a result of underage drinking and more than 34,000 Americans die every year as a result of suicide, almost one every 15 minutes. Also, Half of all lifetime cases of mental and substance use disorders begin by age 14 and three-quarters by age 24in 2008, an estimated 9.8 million adults in the U.S. had a serious mental illness.The health and wellness of individuals in America are jeopardized and the unnecessary costs to society flow across Americas communities, schools, businesses, prisons & jails, and healthcare delivery systems. Many broadcasts and services are working together to minimize the impact of substance abuse and mental illne sses on Americas communities.Many practitioners abide a very deep grounds approach to behavioral health and perceive legal community as give of an overall continuum of care. The Behavioral wellness Continuum of Care Model helps us receipt that there are multiple opportunities for addressing behavioral health problems and disorders base on the moral wellness Intervention Spectrum, first introduced in a 1994 work of Medicine makeup, the model includes these components ( It is important to keep in mind that interventions do not al guidances fit neatly into one category or an separate)* Promotion These strategies are designed to create environments and conditions that support behavioral health and the ability of individuals to withstand challenges. Promotion strategies also reinforce the entire continuum of behavioral health services. * Prevention Delivered prior to the onset of a disorder, these interventions are intend to interdict or reduce the assay of developing a behavi oral health problem, much(prenominal) as underage alcoholic drink use, prescription do drugs misuse and abuse, and illicit drug use. * Treatment These services are for people diagnosed with a substance use or other behavioral health disorder. * Maintenance These services support individuals compliance with long-term treatment and aftercare.deuce strategies for promoting the more important and most effective openings in having gravel to mental and behavioral health services include providing education to reach the everyday, and the saloon and early intervention matters intertwining with the Continuum model components of treatment and maintenance. 7 The New liberty Commission melodic theme and Surgeon commonplaces Report some(prenominal) emphasized the importance of changing human beings attitudes to eliminate the stigma associated with mental illness. Advocates for the mentally ill identify stigma and discrimination as major impediments to treatment.Stigma prevents individ uals from acknowledging these conditions and erodes semipublic confidence that mental disorders are treatable. A large number of Americans believe that mental illnesses are just like any other illness however, 25 percent of survey respondents would not welcome into their neighborhoods facilities that treat or house people with mental illnesses, suggesting that some level of inert stigma persists.8 Sixty-one percent of Americans think that people with schizophrenia are likely to be dangerous to others9 despite research suggesting that these individuals are seldom violent.10With that being said, the media plays a large role in shaping how the spring chicken think and behave from many of the messages kids receive from television, music, magazines, billboards, and the Internet use. However, the media can be used to encourage positive behaviors as well. Four evidence ground communication and education ginmill approaches are through public education, societal marketing, media advoc acy, and media literacy that can be used to crop community norms, increase public awareness, and attract community support for a potpourri of prevention issues (SAMHSA). domain education is usually the most common strategy and is an effective bearing to show support to the development and success of programs and increase awareness about new or existing laws, publicizing a community based program, and reinforce instruction taught in schools or community based organizations. through with(predicate) social marketing, practitioners use advertising philosophies to change social norms and promote rubicund behaviors. kind marketing campaigns do more than just tin entropy and tries to convince people to adopt a new behavior by showing them a benefit they will receive in return.11 accessible marketing campaigns are being used in a human body of social services and public health settings. Media advocacy involves shaping the focussing social issues are discussed in the media to buil d support for changes in public polity. By working trailly with local newspapers, television, and radio to change devil the amount of coverage the media provide and the content of that coverage, media advocates hope to influence the way people talk and think about a social or public policy12. Media literacy is a newer communications strategy aimed at teaching juvenile people critical-viewing skills. Media literacy programs teach kids how to analyze and understand the media messages they encounter so they can better understand what theyre really being asked to do and think.Inferences about a program effectiveness relies on three things (1) measures of key constructs, such as luck and protective factors or processes, symptoms, disorders, or other outcomes, and program implementation, fidelity, or participation (2) a study design that determines which participants are being examined, how and when they will be assessed, and what interventions they will receive and (3) statistical a nalyses that model how those given an intervention differ on outcomes compared with those in a comparison condition 19In the past, practitioners and researchers saw substance abuse prevention unalike from the prevention of other behavioral health problems. But evidence indicates that the populations are significantly affected by these overlapping problems as well as factors that apply to these problems. at that placefore, improvements in one area usually have direct impacts on the other.According to the Substance subvert and study health Services Administration, not all people or populations are at the equal risk of developing behavioral health problems. Many young people have more than one behavioral disorder. These disorders can interact and contribute to the presence of other disorders. Besides extensive research documenting strong dealings between multiple problems, its not always clear what leads to what. rational and physical health is also connected. Good mental heal th a lot contributes to good physical health. In the same way, the presence of mental health disorders, including substance abuse and dependence, is often associated with physical health disorders as well (OConnell, 2009).One major advancement that has been recently made is from The Substance annoyance and Mental Health Services Administration, adding a new search get to its National Registry of Evidence-based Programs and Practices (NREPP) Web site. The feature allows users to identify NREPP interventions that have been evaluated in comparative effectiveness research studies.Both the Obama Administration and the U.S. Congress have championed additional investments in comparative effectiveness research to enhance public understanding about which healthcare interventions are most effective in different circumstances and with different patients. The new NREPP feature can provide added information for States and communities seeking to determine which mental health and substance abus e prevention and treatment interventions may best address their needs.The Surgeon Generals notes that effective interventions help people to understand that mental disorders are not character flaws but are legitimate illnesses that respond to limited treatments, just as other health conditions respond to medical interventions. (7) The two major influences that are engineered upon are risk and protective factors. According to SAMHSAs levels of risk and interventions, some risk factors are causal others act as proxies, or markers of an underlying problem. Some risk and protective factors, such as sexual urge and ethnicity, are fixed, meaning they dont change over time. Other risk and protective factors are considered variable these can change over time. Variable risk factors include income level, peer group, and employment status. Many factors influence a persons likeliness to develop a substance abuse or related behavioral health problem. Effective prevention focuses on reducing t hose risk factors, and strengthening those protective factors, that are most closely related to the problem being addressed.Taken into consideration that disturbance interventions are most effective when they are appropriately matched to their target populations level of risk, The Institute of Medicine defines three broad types of prevention interventions, universal, selective, and indicated. Universal safety interventions take the broadest approach, targeting the general public or a whole population that has not been identified on the basis of individual risk (OConnell, 2009). Universal prevention interventions might target schools, whole communities, or workplaces.Selective preventive interventions target individuals or a population sub-group whose risk of developing mental disorders or substance abuse disorders is significantly higher than sightly, prior to the diagnosis of a disorder (5. OConnell, 2009). Selective interventions target biological, psychological, or social risk factors that are more prominent among regretful groups than among the wider population. Indicated preventive interventions target high-risk individuals who are identified as having borderline but detectable signs or symptoms foreshadowing mental, emotional, or behavioral disorder prior to the diagnosis of a disorder (6. IOM, 2009). Interventions focus on the present(prenominal) risk and protective factors present in the environments surrounding individuals.A more harsher or serious way of approaching prevention is through policy adoption and enforcement. Policy can be broadly defined as standards for behavior that are formalized to some degree (that is, written) and embodied in rules, regulations, and procedures.13 In order to work, these standards must reflect the accepted norms and intentions of a particular community. There are six major types of policy SAMHSA uses to prevent alcohol and other drug use through economical policies, restrictions on access and availability, res trictions on location and density, deterrence, restricting use, and limiting the marketing of alcohol products.Policy can be an effective prevention strategyas long as the laws and regulations you put in place are uniform with community norms and beliefs about the rightness or wrongness of the behavior you demand to legislate14. The key to effective enforcement is visibility People need to see that substance use prevention is a community priority and that violations of related laws and regulations will not be tolerated. 6 Strategies that we use today for Enforcement are through surveillance, community policing, having incentives, and penalties, fines, and detentions.There have been many areas of progress in preventive intervention research since the 1994 Institute of Medicine (IOM) report Reducing Risks for Mental Disorders Frontiers for Preventive Intervention Research. Experimental research has greatly improved mainly due to the advances in the methodological approaches applied to intervention research. For a throw of outcomes, while the different types of intervention research has change magnitude, so has the number of studies providing economic analyses in the costs and benefits of these interventions.As the 2001 U.S. Surgeon Generals report on childrens mental health indicated, there is a new need for improved and expanded mental health services for children and adolescents (15). There is a greater need for greater access to a variety of mental health services for children including both medication for emotional or behavioral difficulties and treatments other than medication. Recent research studies have documented the increased use of psychotropic medications (16).Less is known, though, about the use of nonmedication treatments for the emotional and behavioral difficulties of U.S. children. These treatments may include community-based services such as behavioral and family therapy provided by mental health professionals in clinic and office setting s and school-based services such as assessments of mental health problems, individual counseling, and crisis intervention services for students (17,18). With the information compile by the mental health service questions in the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), it will be possible to monitor future trends in the use of both medication and other treatments for the emotional and behavioral difficulties of children.Recommended changes by the Surgeon General include improve geographic access integrate mental health and primary care ensure dustup access coordinate and integrate mental health services for high-need populations. (U.S. division of Health and Human Services, 2001)1. Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Demler O, Walters EE. Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of twelve-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). narration of General Psychiatry, 2005 Jun62(6)617-27.2. U.S. Census Bureau Population Estimates by Demographic Characteristics. fudge 2 Annual Estimates of the Population by Selected Age Groups and Sex for the United States April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2004 (NC-EST2004-02) Source Population Division, U.S. Census Bureau Release Date June 9, 2005. http//www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/3. The World Health Organization. The global burden of disease 2004 update, Table A2 incumbrance of disease in DALYs by cause, sex and income group in WHO regions, estimates for 2004. Geneva, Switzerland WHO, 2008. http//www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GBD_report_2004update_AnnexA.pdf.4. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2011). Leading change A plan for SAMHSAs roles and actions 2011-2014. Rockville, MD SAMHSA.5. OConnell, M. E., Boat, T., & Warner, K. E. (Eds.). (2009). Preventing mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders among young people rise and possibilities. National Research Council and Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. Washington, D.C. The National Academies Press.6. C ompton, M. T. (2009). Clinical Manual of Prevention in Mental Health (1st ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.7.. U.S. DHHS. 1999. Mental Health A Report of the Surgeon General. 8. Pescosolido, B. et al. 2000.Americans Views of Mental Health and Illness at the Centurys End persistence and Change. customary Report on the MacArthur Mental Health Module, 1996 General Social Survey. Bloomington, Indiana.9. Steadman, H.J. et al. 1998.Violence by People Discharged from Acute Psychiatric Inpatient Facilities and by Others in the Same Neighborhoods. Archives of General Psychiatry 55 (5) 393401.10. Borinstein,A.B. 1992. Public Attitudes Toward Persons with Mental Illness. Health Affairs 11 (3) 18696.11. Kotler, P. and Roberto, E. (1989). Social marketing Strategies for changing pubic behavior. New York Free Press.12. Wallack, L., Dorfman, L., Jernigan, D., and Themba, M. (1993). Media advocacy and public health antecedent for prevention. Newbury Park, CA Sage Publications.13. Bruner , C. and Chavez, M. (1996). Getting to the grassroots Neighborhood organizing and mobilization. Des Moines, IA NCSI Clearinghouse. CSAP federation Partnerships (unpublished document).14. Bruner, C. (1991). Thinking collaboratively Ten questions and answers to help policy makers improve childrens services. Washington, DC Education and Human Services Consortium15. U.S. Public Health Service. Report of the Surgeon Generals Conference on Childrens Mental Health A National Action Agenda. Washington, DC Department of Health and Human Services. 2000. 16. Martin A, Leslie D. Trends in psychotropic medication costs for children and adolescents, 19972000. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1579971004. 2003. 17. Steele RG, Roberts MC (Eds.). Handbook of mental health services for children, adolescents, and families. New York Springer, 2005.18. Foster S, Rollefson M, Doksum T, Noonan D, Robinson G, Teich J. schooltime Mental Health Services in the United States, 20022003. DHHS Pub. No. (SMA) 054068. R ockville, MD Center for Mental Health Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. 200519. Committee on the Prevention of Mental Disorders and Substance Abuse Among Children, Youth and Young Adults Research Advances and Promising Interventions, Institute of Medicine, National Research Council. 10 Advances in Prevention Methodology. Preventing Mental, Emotional, and Behavioral Disorders Among Young People Progress and Possibilities. Washington, DC The National Academies Press, 2009.