The Jewish Religion and Its Impact on Western Culture

The pertinacious, rich history of Judaism gives the western humanness its shape today. The laws, customss, cultivation, and set ar directly attri besidesable to Judaism. Judaism near prominently began with the founder of the Hebrews know as Abraham, who began to worship a figure c tout ensembleed Elohim. Historically, the teachings of Judaism were also subscribed by nomadic tribes, which settled in present day Palestine, near Mt. Sinai. The sight of these tribes did non label themselves as Hebrews, and referred to G-d as the G-d of Abraham.The beginning of the story came slightly as G-d promised Abraham a son, and in the course of the events doubting that his old married woman could give him a son, he had Ishmael with his maid, Hagar. Later, G-ds prophecy would be complete with the birth of Isaac, by his wife Sarah. Due to their belief system, the tribe pro vivificationrated the theme that Isaac and his descendants were chosen by G-d to carry forward Abrahams holy ances try. Isaac was the don of what was to become the 12 tribes of Israel. These twelve original tribes were by and by enslaved for several generations in Egypt. In Egypt, the Jews were persecuted and sold into slavery.It was not until Moses, a Hebrew, adopted by the pharaoh, realize his duty to release his plurality from their oppression. He eventually led the slew from Egypt into the desert where they wandered for 40 years. Throughout the history of the world, the Jewish people harbor been persecuted and oppressed because of their religious beliefs and faith. Many groups of people consider made Jews their scapegoat. Jews stick out suffered from years of intolerance because people watch not understood what the holiness really means. They do not understand where and why the religion began, nor the springer of its people.For one to understand the great hardships, triumphs, and history of the Jewish people, one essential open-mindedly peruse a greater knowledge of the Jewish pe ople and faith, term acknowledging their impact on confederacy today. All western sandwich law is base in part on Judaic Torah observance. A quick fount at the Ten Commandments (Exodus 20) is a very good summary of most advance(a) law that is followed today, along with the next three chapters in Exodus. Judaism believes in the equality of all people and if these commandments were not made and observed today, the equality of Western law would be replaced by position, power, or money.An opposite modern historic tradition adopted by from the Jews is how we eat. What is customary in Western society is a reflection of most of the Judaic dietary law. With the exception of the pig, Western society does not eat what is not contained in kosher law. Owls, mice, rats, and snakes are repugnant to most Westerners and it is a direct result of Jewish culture. A third example can be directly traced to Jewish culture in the way women are treated. Womens rights were carefully maintained in this knightly culture, and todays laws full-grown women equal rights under the law are a by-product of Judaism.Unfortunately in todays world, education is taken for granted, yet Judaism has long maintained education as the highest goal of man in his pursuance of Godliness. After the Babylonian Captivity, it was decreed that all the people should be educated, and this tradition has been passed to Western culture. Other defining characteristics of Western civilization which are influenced by Judaism are the recognition of the importance of each individual. Every person is believed to have worth and to deserve a life of dignity.In Jewish literature, this idea is premier expressed in the first chapter of the first book of the Hebrew Bible, which says that people are created in the image of G-d. Because of this, every person is valuable. This idea was not common in the ancient world, where an individuals social experimental condition often determined ones importance and value. Also, t he idea that trials must be charming is closely connected to belief in the loom of law. The Hebrew Bible and Talmud include numerous statements that emphasize the importance of fair trials and a wide variety of provisions to help ensure that trials are fair.Many of these provisions became key legal principles in the Western world. Jewish grow of legal principles have even been referenced by the U. S. Supreme Court. Lastly, giving charity is an important value in Western civilization that was not emphasized in most ancient cultures. In Judaism, on the new(prenominal)wise hand, supporting the needy is obligatory. Judaism has also played a significant consumption in the development of Western culture because of its unique relationship with Christianity, the governing religious force in the West.Although the Christian church drew from other sources as well, its retention of the sacred Scriptures of the synagogue (the Old Testament) as an inviolate part of its Bible is crucial. Not only was the development of its ideas and doctrines deeply influenced, but it also received an ethical dynamism that constantly overcame an inclination to crawfish into world-denying isolation. It was, however, not only Judaisms heritage but its persistence that fey Western civilization. The continuing existence of the Jews, even as pariah people, is both(prenominal) a challenge and a warning. Their liberation from the shackles of discrimination, segregation, and rejection at the beginning of the modern era was understood by many to be the touchstone of all human liberty. The two central events of 20th-century Jewish history were the Holocaust and the geological formation of the State of Israel. The former was the great tragedy of the Jewish people, while the later was the light of a rebirth, which promised political, cultural, and economic independence.The rest of the world has been forced to reconsider and reorient its relationship with Judaism and the Jewish people becaus e of these two events. At the aforementioned(prenominal) time, the nerve centers of Jewish life have moved almost exclusively to Israel and conjugation America. Along with these developments, theological considerations and practical realities, such as interfaith marriage, have made Jewish religious culture a point of occupy for many non-Jews. In the early 21st century, Jewish religious life continued to fragment along ideological lines, but that very fragmentation animated both moral imagination and ritual life.While ultra-Orthodox Judaism grew narrower, and some varieties of magnanimous Judaism moved ritual practice even farther away from handed-down observance, a vital center emerged, running from Reform Judaism to modern Orthodoxy. This center sought to understand Judaism within a broader context of interaction with other cultures while leaving the essentials of belief and practice unaffected. Predicting the future of Judaism is not an blue or desirable task, but there is reason to hope that the world will continue to draw upon the religious and cultural traditions of Judaism, both past and present.

Come Out the Wilderness: Character Analysis

Come Out the Wilderness James Baldwins Come out(a) the Wilderness, presents the handstally isolated shame Bow compositions thoughts about men and her unwillingness to forget former(prenominal) relations. Growing up as a child, Ruth is sexually harassed by a guy whom her parents and familiar think she is voluntarily sexually involved with. The steadyts that happen in a previous era was a stepping stone into a intent of low-self have in mind and much insecurity that follows. The uncontrollable plaint causes her to be dependent on men and to have uncertainty in kindreds. Ruth is educated in school, and she uses her skills on her crinkle as a secretary, which she is promoted to.Ruth is a complicated fair sex in her thoughts as well as her actions. The feeling of non universe wanted circulates Ruths mind. The memories of pitchd perceptions on her part by her family, devastates her. She has had past relationships except to no prevail in finding true happiness. flavor in he r eyes is characterized by being with a man who seldom acknowledges her features as a woman. He merely acknowledges when his urges have arisen and are in need of satisfying. labor union to her seems as if a man is living with her whom she wants to recognize her and nark her feel special though that is non the case. The relationship she has is inexplicable.Life whitethorn seem barren to a woman of Ruths nature. She goes to debar every night in hopes of time passing as she waits for her keep up to get home. Ruth believes her hubby has a nonher woman, but does non obsess with the thought. She simply lives with his decisions whatever they may be, because she is dependent on him. Ruth is equal to old-time wives in the way she allows her keep up to do whatever he wants maybe because of masculinity or perhaps the doubt of him coming home. That signifies defeat, on her part, in the game of life. Ruth does non have any perceptual constancy in her relationship with capital of Mi nnesota, and it is change with disbelief.She is unsure if he extols her still, or wants her around, and what he thinks of her appearance. She could not help feeling that he treated her this way because of her color, because she was a colored girl (378). Ruth has many doubts towards capital of Minnesota and his actions. She does not unfeignedly know why he gets home late. Paul proclaims he is cogitationing(a) at those times, but Ruth suspects wrong conjectures. Ruth is dominated by Paul in her yielding persona towards him. Ruth is unsure if she even wants to take the secretary job her boss gives her. She reluctantly accepts in holy come in to better her career. She is besides victim to gossip she proclaims to her boss.The situation when her boss walks with her during dejeuner evidently means he has an obsession with Ruth. Though he similars Ruth, she tooshienot supply herself to commit adultery typed deeds. Even though her self-esteem is low she does not accept his flatte ry genuinely because of her own moral code. Flattery does not even help with her self-esteem issues. She is committed to her job and takes it seriously even though she awaits a call from Paul when she is at work. Ruth gets her work done and does not pay upkeep to the some other women at her job because she is not focused on the idle topics of their gossip filled conversations.She is filled with information on their subjects. Ruth is the type of woman who is there for her husband even if he is not there for her and her endeavors. The relationship they have is trifling and needs reconstruction if there are hopes for it to persist. Ruth does her best to enchant Paul as far as cleaning and training. She tries to look secure for him but no acknowledgment track downs her to believe her actions are in vein. She lots day dreams about past relationships compared to her relationship with Paul. She is always reminded of her dirty past, She bawled at last Goddamit, I wish I had, I wish I had.I might as well of done it Her father slapped her. Her brother gave her a look and said You dirty you dirty you black and dirty (382). Ruth hates her husband for not ending the tiring relationship and wishes them both dead. She smokes cigarettes because of her depression. The cigarettes may also symbolize her attempt to join her husband in a akin(predicate) trait, to have something in common. Insecurities in Ruths life maintain her from being happy although she is married. Marriage does not hide the fact that dickens people are not happy though she does attract attention from her boss Mr.Davis. She walks and has a conversation with him about life. She and Paul have accent betwixt each other in an environmental way. Ruth thinks her relationship with Paul is heading to an end. She knew that he was going to leave her. It was in his walk, his blither, and his eyes. He wanted to go. He had already moved back, crouching to leap. And she had no rival. He was not going to anot her woman. He simply wanted to go. It would happen today, tomorrow, terce weeks from today it was over she could do nothing about it neither could she have herself by umping first, She had no place to go, she only wanted him. She tried heavily to want other men, and she was still young, only twenty-six, and there was no unfeigned lack of opportunity. But all she knew about other men was that they were not Paul. (Baldwin 378) Ruth has many realizations in her life that include her past mistakes that she continues to make relationship wise she picks the wrong guys In her own mind. The cycle give tongue to with musician named Arthur, he is twenty years older than Ruth. She did not be sexual loved him she just couldnt escape his domination.She also knew a merchant labourer who whored around a lot. She liked him but loneliness in him was like a cancer, which was unfit for intercourse. The difference or main difference between the two, Arthur and the seaman is the fact that Arthur offered more as in life and education. Paul is the only one she loves but does not know if he loves her anymore. She does not even know if she loves him. She cannot leave because he is her husband and she just cannot go through with the action. Ruth gives up so much in her life to please her man that characteristic prevents her from living in happiness. She was in a reckless, desperate state, like flight. She knew that she could not possibly go home to cook supper and wait in an empty flat until Pauls key turned apartment doors lock (388). Happiness does not follow Ruth though she has the regain to find it she passes on it every time Ruth cannot function without a man that is why she is so dependent on them. She will neer be at peace in life with her mind ring and the way she carries herself. Self-esteem is important in a relationship but Ruth has non-to-little of that trait. Even when Mr.Davis her boss treats her with great respect in order to please and woo her his attempts are flaunted by her dependent attitude towards Paul. The diaphanous assumption that Mr. Davis is better for her is evident. Her misfortunes are to continue if her dependent thoughts continue. Those actions will lead her nowhere in life and in her relationship. Ruth is a other minded person who needs help to get over the man who shows no care for her which is Paul. Ruth is dependent on her husband Paul physically and mentally, which prevents her from sorrowful on even though there is no love in the past relationship seemingly. She did not want to be friends with him nor desire their friendship become anything more (Baldwin 387). All of Ruths failures result from her family and their perception of her. She shows all the symptoms of depression in her house and life. Marriage is the step she takes to not be alone. Sexual Harassment can change a persons thoughts on life and the struggles in it drastically. That can also influence what is in her life and the people she has in it. Ru th has had a rough life and there may not be any turning back from disaster. Ruth is alone as she sees in her mind.Ruth Bowman is a woman with much insecurity from past events that prevents her from moving on in life. She is a woman with many skills and talents. She has no love shown towards her by the person she wants to see it shown from. Ruth is mistakenly accused by her family and leaves out of despair. She is taken care of by an aspiring musician by the name of Arthur. Arthur provides her with education and flattery. She leaves Arthur and gets in a relationship with Paul whose love for her gets weak and eventually is not shown towards her. Mr. Davis, her boss, shows an obsession towards her as they walk and talk together.She wonders why Paul will not leave because it is evident that he shows no love towards her. Ruth wishes to profess her love, but acts as if everything is ok with she and Paul. Ruth acknowledges her role as a wife and succumbs to the domination of Paul, as well as, the other gentlemen that showed interest in her. Ruth is in a time period where men are the dominant humans man womens ideals mean nothing. Ruths despair is what causes her depression other than her bad luck with men. She is the prime example of a woman control by a man. Ruth has a kind heart, but that is not enough to keep her pleased.

Kinds of Medical Thermometers

MEDICAL THERMOMETER Medical thermometers argon procedured for measuring stick human carcass temperature, with the tip of the thermometer being inserted either into the mouth infra the tongue (oral or sub-lingual temperature), at a lower place the armpit (axillary temperature), or into the rectum via the anus (rectal temperature). CLASSIFICATION BY TECHNOLOGY Liquid-filled The traditional thermometer is a glass supply with a electric-light bulb at wiz end containing a smooth which expands in a uniform manner with temperature. The tube itself is narrow (capillary) and has calibration markings along it.The melted is often hectogram, but alcohol thermometers use a colored alcohol. Medically, a maximum thermometer is often used, which indicates the maximum temperature dispatched even after it is removed from the body. To use the thermometer, the bulb is placed in the localization where the temperature is to be measured and unexpended long enough to be certain to reach ther mal chemical equilibriumtypically three transactions. Maximum-reading is achieved by means of a constriction in the neck close to the bulb. As the temperature of the bulb rises, the liquid expands up the tube through the constriction.When the temperature falls, the column of liquid distinguishs at the constriction and can non translate to the bulb, thus remaining stationary in the tube. After reading the value, the thermometer must be reset by repeatedly swinging it sharply to shake the liquid back through the constriction. Mercury Mercury-in-glass thermometers have been considered the more or less accurate liquid-filled types. However, atomic number 80 is a toxic heavy metal, and mercury has only been used in clinical thermometers if protected from breakage of the tube.The tube must be actually narrow to minimize the amount of mercury in itthe temperature of the tube is not controlled, so it must contain very much less mercury than the bulb to minimize the effect of the te mperature of the tubeand this makes the reading rather concentrated as the narrow mercury column is not very visible. visibility is less of a problem with a coloured liquid. In the nineties it was decided by whom? that mercury-based thermometers were too risky to handle the vigorous swinging needful to reset a mercury maximum thermometer makes it easy to accidentally break it and spill the moderately poisonous mercury.Mercury thermometers have largely been replaced by electronic digital thermometers, or, more rarely, thermometers based on liquids other than mercury (such as galinstan, coloured alcohols and heat-sensitive liquid crystals). Electronic or digital Since compact and gimcrack methods of measuring and uncovering temperature became addressable, electronic thermometers (often called digital, because they display numeric values) have been used. Many display readings to great precision (0. 1C or 0. F, sometimes fractional that), but this should not be taken as a stock warrant of true statement specified accuracy must be checked in documentation and maintained by periodical recalibration. A typical tinny electronic ear thermometer for home use has a displayed resolution of 0. 1C, but a declared accuracy within 0. 2C when new. 1 The first electronic clinical thermometer, invented in 1954, used a pliable prove that contained a Carboloy thermistor. 2 Contact Some electronic thermometers may lay down by contact (the electronic sensing element is placed in the localisation principle where temperature is to be measured, and left long enough to reach equilibrium).These typically reach equilibrium faster than mercury thermometers the thermometer may beep when equilibrium has been reached, or the time may be specified in the manufacturers documentation. Remote otherwise electronic thermometers work by remote sensing an invisible sensor responds to the radiation spectrum emitted from the location. Although these are not in direct contact with the body politic being measured, they may still contact part of the body (a thermometer which senses the temperature of the tympanic membrane without touching it is inserted into the ear supply).To eliminate the risk of patient cross-infection, disposable probe covers and single-use clinical thermometers of all types are used in clinics and hospitals. chief(a) thermometer A basal thermometer is a thermometer used to take the basal (base) body temperature, the temperature upon waking. Basal body temperature is much less affected than daytime temperature by environmental factors such as exercise and food intake. This allows small alternates in body temperature to be detected, such as those caused by ovulation 3 or changes in thyroid function citation needed. Glass oral thermometers typically have markings every 0. 1C or 0. F. Basal temperature is stable enough to require accuracy of at least 0. 05C or 0. 1F, so finicky glass basal thermometers are distinct from glass oral thermomet ers. Digital thermometers which have sufficient resolution (0. 05C or 0. 1F is sufficient) may be suitable for monitoring basal body temperatures the specification should be checked to ensure right-down accuracy, and thermometers (like most digital instruments) should be calibrated at specified intervals. If only the variation of basal temperature is required, absolute accuracy is not so important so long as the readings do not have large variability (e. . , if real temperature varies from 37. 00C to 37. 28C, a thermometer which inaccurately but consistently reads a change from 37. 17C to 37. 45C will indicate the order of the change). Some digital thermometers are marketed as basal thermometers and have spare features such as a larger display, expanded memory functions, or beeping to confirm the thermometer is placed properly. CLASSIFICATION BY LOCATION The temperature can be measured in various locations on the body which maintain a fairly stable temperature (mainly sub-lingua l, axillary, rectal, vaginal, forehead, or temporal artery).The normal temperature varies slightly with the location an oral reading of 37C does not correspond to rectal, temporal, etc. readings of the same value. When a temperature is quoted the location should also be specified. If a temperature is stated without qualification (e. g. , typical body temperature) it is usually assumed to be sub-lingual. The differences mingled with core temperature and measurements at different locations, known as clinical bias, are discussed in the article on normal human body temperature.Measurements are subject to both site-dependent clinical bias and variability between a series of measurements (standard deviations of the differences). For example, one study found that the clinical bias of rectal temperatures was greater than for ear temperature measured by a selection of thermometers under test, but variability was less. 4 Oral Oral temperature may only be taken from a patient who is capable of retentivity the thermometer securely under the tongue, which generally excludes small children or people who are unconscious or overcome by coughing, weakness, or vomiting. This is less of a problem with fast-reacting digital thermometers, but is certainly an issue with mercury thermometers, which take several minutes to stabilize their reading. ) If the patient has drunk a hot or cold-blooded liquid beforehand time must be allowed for the mouth temperature to return to its normal value. 5 The typical range of a sub-lingual thermometer for use in cosmos is from about 35C to 42C or 90F to 110F. Armpit The Armpit (axillary) temperature is measured by holding the thermometer tightly under the armpit. One needs to hold the thermometer for several minutes to get an accurate measurement.Rectal Rectal temperature-taking, especially if performed by a person other than the patient, should be facilitated with the use of a water-based personal lubricant. Although rectal temperature is th e most accurate, this method may be considered unpleasant or embarrassing in some countries or cultures, especially if used on patients older than childly children also, if not taken the correct way, rectal temperature-taking can be awkward and in some cases painful for the patient. Rectal temperature-taking is considered the method of choice for infants. 6 spike heel Other kinds of medical thermometers exist, such as the tympanic thermometer that measures the temperature of the tympanum by infrared measurement, The thermometer has a projection (protected by a one-time hygienic sheath) which contains the infrared probe the projection is gently placed in the ear canal and a button pressed the temperature is read and displayed within about a second. These thermometers are used both in the home (models are available for prices starting at around 20 USD) and in medical facilities. impermanent arteryA newer development is the Temporal artery thermometer, which uses the infrared princ iple to accurately enunciate a patients temperature, with comparable accuracy to rectal thermometry. citation needed Forehead The band thermometer is utilise to the patients brow. It is typically a band coated with different temperature-sensitive markings using liquid-crystal or similar technology at a given temperature the markings (numerals indicating the temperature) in one region are at the right temperature to become visible. This type gives an attribute of fever, but is not considered accurate.

Keri 2006 Advertising Campaign Essay

This is a 2006 advertising ca phthisis of Keri naked scramble-c ar crossway, Keri Nourishing Shea Butter lotion. It is a remake and re harvest-tideion of a well-k instantern painting La Grande Odalisque by French artist Jean-August-Dominique Ingres. The write message states this escort the perpetual beauty of universe a charwoman with Keri Shea Butter. Enriched with sustain Vitamin E, it makes uncase feel truly touchable. It seemingly nitty-gritty that this new fruit can help improve the consumers skin performance.But indeed, this ad contains intended meanings which include symbolic properties and commodity fetishism. freshman of all, this Keris ad produces symbolic meanings. In this ad, it is not a only a case that the conventions and themes of an artist or a style are copied, but rather it is a carefully and close reproduction of the sea captain painting. If we compare it to the origin, the head cover, the fan and pose of the nuked woman is almost the same. The prod uct itself has no meaning.However this careful reproduction of particular elements obvious makes the ad as a reference to the original painting, a classic and considerable international recognized work of art which is meaningful to most consumers. As a masterwork of art in the narrative, the painting is regarded as an important characterisation of an immortal and timeless signifier of classical young-bearing(prenominal) beauty. By creating coefficient of correlation between the ad and Ingres painting, the image, ideas of Ingres panting become attached to Keris new product. The sexy distaff nude, the material object, becomes the signifier, and it signified the idea of timeless female beauty.Therefore, Keris new product becomes a sign of timeless female beauty. Moreover, the advertisement creates differentiation between new product and the other products in the same series (Williamson, 1978, p24). Keri ad introduces a new product that is enriched with nourishing Vitamin E, an im portant element to make skin smooth and vibrant. In fact, there are more six more products in this category. The function and confine of Keri Nourishing Shea Butter make it unique and independent to other product, much(prenominal) as Original, Advanced and Moisture Rich Oil.In addition, the advertisement makes the product and a feeling of experience of the timeless beauty of being a woman equal in value. Every woman wants to be charming and timeless. However notes cannot buy you beautiful and timeless. Thus, by generating a tie-up between Keris product and feeling, it adds a value to timeless beauty, because money can buy Keris product. Secondly, the Keris lotion product exists as a commodity in the market place. The lotion has a personality priority of making skin smooth.As Marx says the nature priority decides the use value (Marx, 1867). The use value of Keris product is to improve your skin quality. In Capital, Marx says the objective form of social relations is called rei fication (1867). As the advertising campaign says experience the timeless beauty of being a woman with Keri Shea Butter, the consumers will experience timeless beauty of being a woman if they purchase and consume the product. The human relationship of timeless beauty is expressed in a commodity form of lotion.The oblivious social relations are taken out of their actual positive context, abstraction separates the use value and exchange value of a commodity (Goldman, 1992, p21). In this ad, the meaning of using its product is transformed into the experience of timeless beauty. In this process, the exchange value of Keris product now refer to the timeless beauty. It equivalents the value of the product and the value of a history work of art of beauty female by putting the product and reproduction image together into the same frame.

A Ready and Modern Army, a Strategic Priority

Planning Guidance, the regular army depart focus on five strategic priorities to meet the solid grounds strategic imperatives. Although only of these priorities are significant, the strategic priority A energetic and Modern soldiers is the most serious because it directly impacts the Armys ability to respond when called upon. A Ready and Modern Army strategic priority affects the Armys personnel, equipment, supplies, and training.One thing is non-negotiable Americans expect and trust that their Army is properly trained and deployment ready at any given time. It is important to note that in a time of budget cuts and manpower reduction, reconciliation adroitness and modernization will continue to be an issue crosswise the entire Department of Defense. Nevertheless, the Army will regard to continue to outgo its forces into scalable, well-equipped, and highly trained force in order to maintain readiness in an unpredictable world where modernization is absolutely necessary for t he Nation to address future global trends.Additionally, it is crucial that the Army continues to conduct tight and practical training at home stations at multi-echelon levels and leverage modern technologies such as virtual and emulation capabilities. Finally, the Army emergencys to capitalize more on the skills and knowledge of the Army National represent and Army Reserve as well as having the right fuse of capabilities in order to establish and maintain a globally antiphonal and regionally-engaged force.Overall, A Ready and Modern Army means that the Army will need to holistically look at Its personnel, equipment, supplies, and training and determine the best way to mix operations where It makes sense to provide the most efficient and effective solution. The need for Integration Is even more critical In the context of the foreseeable fiscal environment.

Study Notes †Balance management Essay

Customer Flow Taco Bell serves on fairish 1,500 clients per day (15 mins). On medium there are 75 customers in the restaurant (waiting to place the order, waiting for the order to arrive, eating, etc.). How long does an average customer spend at Taco Bell and what is the average customer swage?R=1,500 customers/day I=75 customers T=I/R=(75 cus/1,500 cus/day)x(15 hrs/day)x(60min/hr)=45 minutes Customer turnover=1/T=(1/45 min)x(60 min/hr)x(15 hrs/day)=20 times per dayJob Flow The Travelers amends Company processes 10,000 claims per year. The average processing time is 3 weeks. Assuming 50 weeks in a year, what is the average number of claims in process? R=10,000 claims/yr T=(3 weeks)/(50 weeks/yr)=3/50 yr I=RT=(10,000 claims/yr)(3/50 yr)=600 claimsMaterial Flow McDonaldss holds sensitive hamburger meat an average of three years before its cooked and sold to customers. The typical inventory of raw meat is 2,500 lb. What is the average amount of hamburger McDonalds goes through in a week and what is the takt time of processing hamburger in a 15-hour day? R=I/T, R=?, T =3 days=3/7weeks, I=2500lbs, R=2500lbs/ 3/7weeks R=5,833lbs/week, Takt =1/R 1/5833 lbs/week x 7days/week x 15hr/day x 60min/hour = 1.08min/lb means none of the processes can take more(prenominal) than 1.08minMonetary Flow For the new Euro introduction in 2002, Wim Duisenberg had to decide how galore(postnominal) new Euro coins to stamp by 2002. Eurolands central banks cash-in-coins handling was estimated at 300 billion per year.The average cash-in-coins holding time by consumers and businesses was estimated at 2 months. How many Euro coins were to be made? R=300 B/yr T=(2 months)/(12 months/yr)=1/6 yr I=RT=(300 B/yr)x(1/6 yr)=50 BCash Flow (Accounts Receivable) A interlocutor sells $300 million worth of clothes and accessories to retailers per year. The average accounts receivable is $45 million. What is the average billing to collection process cycle time? T=I/R=($45 M/$300 M/yr)x(52 wks/y r)=7.8 weeksA general manager at Baxter states that her inventory turns three times a year. She also states that everything that Baxter buys gets processed and leaves the docks within six weeks. Are these statements consistent? No, because if the lam time is 6 weeks, then inventory turns should be 1/T=(1/6 wks)x(52 wks/yr)=8.7 turns/year.1. Registration fairish gillyflower = 20, Throughput = 20 per hour, bonny fertilize time = 20 / 20 = 1 hourTriageAverage caudex = 5, Throughput = 20 per hour,Average flow time = 5 / 20 = 0.25 hour, restrainAverage Inventory = 10, Throughput = 5 per hour(25%of20),Average flow time = 10 /5 = 2 hoursAverage time spent by hoi polloi admitted = 1 + 0.25 + 2 = 3.25 hoursRoutine Average inventory = 10, Throughput = 15 per hour (75%of20),, Average flow time = 10/15 = 0.6667 hourAverage time spent by routine care patients = 1 + 0.25 + 0.6667 = 1.9167 hours Average time in ER for all patients = 0.25(3.25) + 0.75(1.9167) = 2.25 hours OR2. In this discipl ine we have Average Inventory = 20 + 5 + 10 + 10 = 45, Throughput = 20 per hour, Average flow time = 45 / 20 = 2.25 hours.Inventory turns can be calculated using financial statements by dividing COGS (R) by average inventory value (I), linking flow time (an operational measure) to financial measures.With a decrease in total assets (such as inventory, accounts receivable, and plant & equipment), proceeds on assets (ROA) improves.Flow Time = Inv/COGSInv Turns= COGS/Inv

Colonial Life in the 1700s Essay

When the position first settled in the States, they had no intention of creating a new nation. They continued to view themselves as Europeans, and as subjects of the faggots. Some believed that if a nation were to arise from the English dominance in the New World, it would be identical to the English conglomerate. However, between the settlement at Jamestown in 1607 and the Treaty of Paris in 1763, a different confederation from Eng priming emerged in the colonies. Changes in religion, sparings, politics, and social structure illustrate this to the Europeans.By 1763, although round colonies still well-kept established churches, other colonies had accomplished a practical(prenominal) revolution for religious toleration and judicial separation of church and state. Popular dissenter, Roger Williams, having been banished from Massachusetts, bought land from Indians and founded a colony where other dissenters or trouble-makers found refuge. Rhode Island, then, became the most reli giously tolerant colony followed by William Penns Pennsylvania, which offered generous agreements on land, and mount religious liberty. These two colonies directly opposed the official, tax-supported Anglican Church of England from which Puritans had escape in the inception of America.Later in the colonial timeline, a series of religious revivalsknown as The Great Awakening demonstrable into the separation between church and state. The disagreements between the beliefs in the Awakening increased the disceptation of American churches, which resulted in the refrainment of such topics in governmental debates for more stern arrangements without the interruption of religious opinions. English customs of an official religion and the kings position as the head of the Anglican Church intelligibly differed from American views of religious tolerance and separation between interconnected political and religious ideas.In a similar economic revolution, the colonies outgrew their mercantil e kinship with the mother country and developed an expanding capitalist system of their own. During their early development, the colonies maintained an economic relationship with the English through the Navigation Acts, in which exchanges were to and from the empire only as enforced by King Charles II. This would ensure English triumph in mercantilism and maritime competition. Unfortunately for England, as the colonies commonwealth rose, the amount of imported products from Britain did not suffice and the American merchants began to trade with non-English countries. Eventually, they developed the influential capitalist system, in which the means of production are operated but for profit.The English monarchy tried to prevent an economic depreciation in their normal by reinforcing the Navigation Acts in the colonies but their efforts resulted in Bacons Rebellion. untamed at Royal Governor Sir William Berkeley for his selfish high-taxing ways, Nathaniel Bacon and his followers bur ned Jamestown and the governor was removed. Thenceforth, England instructed Virginian governors to assure Virginias profit for the mother country. This new threat unite Virginias gentry to combat governors efforts to raise royal economic dominance. Thus, America outgrew Englands mercantilism and established capitalism as its own economic system.

Holocaust Sociology

Gevorg Petrosyan Professor Wonser Intro to Sociology 23 June 2012 Final Project, Assignment 2 Nazi Ger numerous and final solution The final solution was the genocide of around six atomic number 53 jillion million European Jews during World War II. (final solution History) Nazi Germany led by Adolf Hitler had targeted both(prenominal) single Jew to be perished. Unfortunately Nazi Germany succeeded to murder two-thirds of the nine million Jews who were stationed in Europe. (Holocaust History) The Holocaust can be viewed at in many sociological perspectives of the sociologists mind. Adolf Hitler used every function in his power to exterminate any non-German ethnic that lived in Germany. Hitler) Authority contend a key point in the Holocaust against the Jews. The following atomic number 18 the many perspectives of this horrific act against humanity. i of the main sociological perspectives that f either into Nazi Germany and how Holocaust was looked at was kind stratification. The Aryan scarper was supreme anybody else was lower then they. (Nazi SS) Jews, homosexuals, handicapped, prisoners of war, and minority groups were all prosecuted. As talked about in lecture, Max webers conjecture of social rank portrayed Adolf Hitlers wealth, power, and prestige. Hitler used these components to his advantage and started an empire.Brainwashing Germans to abominate and murder humans that are not in their social class, as said the Aryan race. Social class and inequality played a big role for the non-Aryan. Everything was stripped away from them such as cars, money, children, clothes, food, and eventually their hope. The people of culture of poverty had strong feeling of not belonging, helplessness, no faith, and all hope was gone. Jews and otherwises were treated as aliens or non-humans. Adolf Hitler was a functionalist in my point of view because in that way he would approximate social stratification was both natural and beneficial to society.He promoted devi ance in the way of the labeling theory. If you are not Aryan or German you are not welcome and as well as considered as a threat. (Nazi SS) In that drive you are labeled through judgment and that changes the way others respond to you. some other labeling theory in the Holocaust was the yellow Star of David conciliate. This patch a good deal put against redress side of the chest, implemented and labeled the person as a Jude. Nazi persecutions used this to label to their prosecutors in an organized way. (Nazi SS) With this patch you had implanted in your mind that you are going to die.It was intended to be the badge of shame and now the public knew you as a Jew. The Jude companionship was treated like dogs they were given a name and badge resembling to dog tag or collar, and looked upon as animals. Erving Goffmans term of blade was given to the Jewish because of their social attribute. Nazi Germany used all triplet types of stigma in their society such as physical for the d amage or handicapped, moral for mentally challenged, and tribal for Jewish and other non-Aryan or German. The Erving Goffmans term of stigma was lectured in class. Nazi Germany was big in-group created by Adolf Hitler.They felt loyalty and brotherhood towards each other. anyone besides them was a major(ip) out-group, such as the Jews. The rivalry and hatred they had for the Jews was a usual thing by other fellow Nazi. Such a big in-group had and regulate on any Nazi to believe what they were doing is right. Group cohesion potently powered the Nazi for the loyalty and solidarity. All the members felt strongly tie to each other as family in a way. Any one else was not like them and was to be treated differently. Adolf Hitlers social form was the image to all Nazi.His social influence gave them their individual attitudes and behaviors towards others. This became ideal for a dictator, because the group norms make the members want to gain acceptance to their own uncouth. Any negat ive sanctions were looked down upon and so Germans followed one after another into agreement. Webers idea of charismatic authority fell into the category of Adolf Hitler. Adolf Hitler served in the army and in brief enough became known as the Furher of Germany. (Hitler 1) Hitlers demanding role and humorless speeches dominated audiences.He had all the qualities of a leader from the minute he was born. He didnt like taking orders from his own strict father. (Hitler 1) Hitler also had many bureaucracies under him, such as the SS. The Schutzstaffel translated to Protection Squad was trustworthy for many of the crimes towards humanity during World War II. Heinrich Himmler was in charge of a vast bureaucratic empire. He was responsible for the SS, as well as the municipal police. (Nazi SS 4) The SS was feared amongst all Jews because of their deadly rules and punishments.These bureaucracies were so useful to the empire because they ran all the operations needed for power. Hitler used them to keep order and organization surrounded by the country, plus not to get his hands dirty. The Nazi Empire and Holocaust was made up of many total validations. First one would be the military Hitler knew he had to get the military on his side and concisely will obey any command. Soon the military had a gangrene of self in which they were brainwashed to dehumanize Jews. They were taught to have racially small Germany and life. (Chronicle 2) The Holocaust wasnt carried out by crazy or unusually reddened people.The SS deliberately tried to ensure that those responsible for the actual killings were not in particular eager, or emotional. They wanted the task to be as business-like and impersonal as possible. (Nazi SS 4) People stop worrying about what the right thing to do is because the right thing is always to do what youre told, and that was because of discipline and authority. Another total institution would be the death camps or also known as intentness camps. Which nor ms or laws were among the prisoners society? The prisoners had a whole new social life.Resocialization took an wallop on them to which fighting for excerpt was needed and communications between prisoners and officers. nigh type of achieved status controlled the whole environment of the prisoners and changed their outlook on life, which soon enough became a mortification of self. Prisoners under hunger, extreme working conditions, and panic of death mortified one to go toe extreme lengths of survival by obeying every rule given or going soft insane to the point of no return. (Chronicle 2) One of the most disastrous theories for the Holocaust would be dehumanization.What people failed to realize why the Holocaust happened was because what the people were enable each other to do. (Holocaust History 3) All they did was gather statistics and data and didnt realize that it was human beings for those stats. The order is different from the act because the person who gave the order does nt interpret in their head what kind of order they only when gave and the action part of it. The generals and Nazi didnt focus on the occurrence that they were committing mass murder to a great amount of human beings with families and connections.There actions werent bad at the time so no problem in doing it but when later on in life they realize what theyve do is very different outlook. The Holocaust would have been impossible without the advancements of newfangled society. The slaughtering of Jews and other was just like a factory but instead of producing goods, it was producing death. Without modern industrialization and technology they would have never killed mass amounts of people that fast. assail chambers, trains importing prisoners, concentration camps, not much food source for prisoners, and workload were all components to modern society. Chronicle 3) This is what moved the genocide to speed up its movement of extermination. Letting Adolf Hitler get to his achieved st atus brought up to Holocaust idea. Without permit him get to this status of Furher. He would not turn a great country into a mass murdering empire of bureaucracies. His speeches, authority, leadership skills, and discipline is what made the Nazi Empire what it was. His authority and discipline is what made the soldiers make the plectron they made. Why did Hitler target the Jews mostly?Why not another race? He blamed Jews for everything that happened within the country such as woolly of World War I, and for the Great Depression. (Hitler 1) He also hated Jews because he regarded them as mostly Communist. (Hitler 1) Society killed the Jews because of their statuses and way of life. Jews were the most significantly alter by the Holocaust but others were targeted too. These included political opponents, soviet prisoners of war, communists, homosexuals, mentally challenged, non-Aryan, and gypsies. Holocaust History 3) They labeled it as people that were killed in Holocaust and didnt s eem to realize how it affected those peoples families and friendships. To this day Jews still bewail over the six million that died. Germany also takes in the guilt of what their country has done in the past. The Holocaust affected such large numbers pool and was one of the most mass killing genocides. It is taught all around the origination in textbooks and classes. Society revolves under it because now Jews are looked at differently even if they deny someone doesnt.

Water Abuse

water supply is a vital to all human life, besides slew get intot know how they should limit their enforce of it, how their actions concern the purity of it, or how restricted piss genuinely is. They do not know how to take care of water supply, or their environment. They locomote to gather in that water should not be carelessly used for leisure. Also, recognize that they pollute their admit water supply with chemicals and quarrel, and they do not expect to understand that at that place is a limited supply of water. Americans do not comprehend the actual meaning of water abuse, and how it applies to them.The abuse of water is going to revolve approximately how much American everyplace use and waste it. People arent concerned or aware of the scarcity of water because they dont see how it affects them directly. According to Karen Bouwer, in her essay Women and Water, the average use in the United States is 176 gallons per soul per day. (Bouwer 319) More than half o f that percentage sole(prenominal) includes bathing and flushing the toilet. While on the contrary, African nations average 10 gallons per person per day if they are lucky. Americans probably would not be able to authority without being able to use water whenever they may please.Although this may take care like something that can be fixed, the water pollution humans cause place even more restrictions on water. Most people are aware that their trash ends up in the middle of the ocean, dapple some others are clueless. Some may not see how where the trash man drops their trash is of importance. But the reality is that most of the things that people put into their trash cans never decompose, or can take over 10 years to do so. The one thing that all Americans use commonplace at some point of the day never decomposes is plastic.Over cardinal percent of all plastic made, ends up in the ocean. A majority of that fifteen percent ends up on the ocean floor. (Reuse It) For example, in San Antonio, park personnel haul off more than 600,000 pounds of trash (Harte 164) Plastic can over power the United States ocean water, which is one thing that puts limitations on water. human beingss thinks that water is somewhat endless because of what they learned in school, the water cycle. With the key terms condensation, evaporation, and precipitation Americans get the idea that water is ever going to be in rotation.In reality, Americans are right water is in rotation, but all of that water is not usable. Yes, the water that humans draw and shower with does partially come from ground water, but people dont understand how much water they truly postulate to use. further one percent of the water in the entire world is actually fresh and usable. That one percent is the only water that is clean enough to be considered usable by all Americans, which seems almost impossible to comprehend. macrocosm constantly use water and let it run without thinking. How would Americans r eact if they didnt have access to clean water anymore?They need to realize we do have an unlimited access. Americans should be aware that they are inner to have virtually unlimited access to water. But most Americans seem to take advantage of this source, which ultimately affects everyone in the long run. Humans do not know how to limit their use of water because theyve never had to so. These water abusers must be informed of their actions so that things can change. People need to start put limitations on how much they use water and bring sure its 100% necessary to have it running.As well as, more American need to start recycling the plastic doesnt only affect humans, but marine animals also. Americans have to realize that the water that we currently have is all that we have. Work Cited Water Facts. The Water Information Program. 5 kinsfolk 2012. Online Bouwer, Karen. Women and Water. The Water and Culture Reader. Southlake Fountainhead,2011. 319-322. Print Use and Toss Plastic feeding bottle Facts. ReUseIt. 6 September 2012. Online Harte, Alexis. San Antonio A City Guided By Its River. The Water and Culture Reader. Southlake Fountainhead, 2011. 161-163. Print

Professional Philosophy of Early Childhood Education Essay

1. What do you consider to be the most poisonous for earlys. binge drinking, drug addiction or anorexia nervosa? Why? Explain your pickaxe in a minimum of five sentences. I consider the most harmful for immatures is binge drinking. As children move from adolescence to young adulthood, they encounter hammy physical, emotional, and lifestyle changes. Developmental transitions, such as puberty and increasing independence, throw off been associated with alcohol use. So in a sense, just being an adolescent may be a key risk factor not only for starting to drink but also for drinking dangerously. whatever it is that leads adolescents to binge drinking, once they start they face a number of probable wellness risks. Although the severe health problems associated with harmful alcohol use are not as common in adolescents as they are in adults, studies show that young throng who drink heavily may say themselves at risk for range of potential health problems.2. Define adolescent egoc entrism. Give three typesetters cases of egocentric fantasies or fictionalizations. childish egocentrism is teens and old(a) twins belief that new(prenominal)s are highly attentive to their behavior and appearance. That is, egocentric adolescent believe that eyes are on them. Adolescent egocentrism is developmentally normal. In other words, teens and older twins send away no more by stopping themselves from being egocentric than an babe erect fix their inability to speak. Adolescent egocentrism usually appears virtually 11 or 12 years of age. Here are 3 examples of fableThe first maven is the ideational audience and personal fable seems to capture what rush been viewed as typical fact of adolescent behavior. For example, uneasiness and conformity to the peer group in regard to appearance can be understood as resolventing from the belief that other (i.e., the imaginary audience) is everlastingly watching and judging. Feeling of isolation and risk-taking behavior can be viewed as outcomes of personal fable, believing that one is unique and invulnerable.The second example is self-other speciality errors or egocentrism, emerging as a result of the transition. Attaining this development typify means that one can think abstractly and to the highest degree possibilities for example, one can think about what other people may be thinking. The third examples are empirical evidence supporting the theoretical combine between imaginary audience and personal fable ideation and formal operational thinking has emerged only infrequently, and has been the best. For example, so studies have found what appears to be heightened imaginary audience and personal fable ideation among middle school students. 3. Give an example of how schools, peers and the media influence teen internal behavior. Be sure you address individually one.Example of how schools on teen sexual behaviorMany young people engage in sexual risk behaviors that can result in unwitting health outcomes. For example, among U.S. high school students have 47% in sexual intercourse. To reduce sexual risk behaviors and related health problems among youth, schools and other youth serving organizations can help young people adopt lifelong attitudes and behaviors that reduce their risk HIV , other STDs, and unintended pregnancy. Example of peers teen sexual behavior. teenageds indispensability to be with people their own age. During adolescence, teens spend more time with their peers and without enate supervision. With peers, teens can be both connected and independent, as they break away from their parents images of them and develop identities of their own. Example of media influence teen sexual behavior.If you jadet talk to your kids about your own values and expectations about sex, the master(prenominal) input theyll get is from the media. Music videos, movies, reality shows. And studies show that the more sexual content kids watch and listen to, the earlier theyre likely to have sex themselves. In fact, teens report that their main source of information about sex, dating and sexual health comes from what they see and hear in the media. 4. Teen depression and teen suicide is a reality. What would you consider to be an sacred song for an adolescent? The song I chose is Hero, by Mariah Carey. I acknowledge Mariah, when I first started listening to her I found most of her songs, inspirational and heart felt, she is one amazing songwriter/singer and Im truly blesses to have someone like Mariah to keep the faith to other teens to listen to her songs

The Patriot Movie

The Patriot icon The Patriot movie has been a great movie. All the pictures were incredible and others were devastating. Having to hold in this history movie has become one of my favorite(a) movies with the scenes that I pee-pee chosen. My first scene I chose was actu whollyy a genuinely dingy part of the movie. It was when Benjamins 2nd oldest son was crap-shooter by one of the British cruel leaders. He was eat uped because he was trying to free his oldest son Gabriel and was shot instead. After that, Benjamin became upset because the British leader ended up ordering to kill the wounded Americans and ruin his foretoken down.He got his sons, the guns and went after them to get his oldest son. They ended up killing all the soldiers and do sure they all died and ended up freeing his son from getting executed. The reaction I got from this part of the movie was very shocking that they would kill a kid and burn down a whole house. Its also shocking that they were allowed to d o all that. What I liked intimately it though was that he went after his son and did not care virtually what he had to do, he just had to decide it and go after it. The endorse scene I chose was when Gabriel went to the church building and tried to ask for people to join.At the church the pastor asked for him to leave and was trying to make him leave but he wouldnt. Anne, his future wife ends up helping him and convinces everyone to let him talk and started public lecture about how everyone is al styles lecture about helping, independence and freedom. That they should act upon what they reckon and help. After all that I like that he asked her father if he can write to her trance he is at war. My reaction to this was very interesting how she defended him and actually helped him get the peoples attention.How she spoke up to everyone and just what was her opinion and what she thought was castigate. I just felt up it was right and that she used her freedom of speech and spoke up The third scene I have chosen was when Benjamin tricked the soldiers and took his back by talking to the British commander. Tavington got very angry and found out about 7 soldiers homes and went after Benjamins family. His family ended up noticing and hid, some of the American soldiers showed up and took his family while others fought the rest of the British soldiers.By this time I was really interested in this part and was glad that they ended up hiding. I was take aback or so of the movie but this part was another main one. It was shocking when I was expecting them to catch one of his younger sons under the table. The fourth scene would be when Gabriels wife goes home after their marriage and shows up to the British soldiers gathering her whole village in a temple. The soldiers locked them in and burned it. Later on Gabriel went and found everything and could not find his wife so he went after Tavington and ended up getting killed by him.I felt so sad when this happened. I wa s very confident at first, ingenious that Tavington was getting killed until he turned around and stabbed Gabriel. A Very scotch feeling and shocked once more. The last and fifth scene was when they were all fighting against each other. And most of his close soldiers were dieing and when he found Tavington they got into a big fight. Tavington almost killed Benjamin, but Benjamin ended up displacement it around. I knew it was going to end in a positive way but at that moment I was just curious of what else could of happened.I didnt think that Benjamin was going to get out of that death and it shocked me the most. Very shocking movie. My reaction to this whole movie was a mete out of twisted feelings. It was a very sad, shocking movie and I couldnt really predict on what would happen next. It has to be one of my favorite war movies and Im glad I overtakeed it. I would emphatically recommend it to someone who was in a history class to watch it. Im glad it ended in a darling note and was just surprised in all the twisted things it had and was just disappointed on who did not make it to the end. A good movie, with a good end.

Supply and Demand- a Case Study Milk Price

The grocery store cut and petition curve above shows the milk charge support problem. In order to solve the milk overpluses in the market, the presidential term should take the move to change magnitude the market seduce to the milk fruits by exploring overseas markets. For instance, the administration should export the milk barees abroad. This would cut the follow of storage for milk outputs and encourages the topical anaesthetic dairy farm farmers continue in dairy business. b. The sm every dairy farmers would like the proposal 4 because it benefits them the most through the buyout programme.This program encourages sm both dairy farmers to beat from dairy business to other business. The rewards from organization butt joint be used as capital to start a new business. c. For consumers, they would select the proposal 2. Since the consumers are also the taskpayers, the dairy price support program is very costing to taxpayers. By eliminating the price support pr ogram, the consumers can get laid the lower price of milk and the taxes to purchase unsold milk products can used to support other domestics goods that would be to a greater extent benefits the consumers. d.The member of recounting who is concern about the wel regimen of community bequeath look with favour on the proposal 2. Since they investigated that the market for milk is a competitive market. Without the government intervention, the market counterweight price for milk is set by the market demand and supply. For the benefits of consumers and taxpayers, they would enjoy a lower milk price than price floor. The problem of the farmers can be solved by increment the demand for dairy products, such as exports the milk surpluses abroad and promote the local anaesthetic brand of milk products to consumers. Question 2 a. When YED = 2,Income E destinationicity of Demand, YED= Percentae change in amount of m adepty demandedPercentage change in income 2= ? Qd %12% ? Qd %=24 % The mensuration demanded for personalized computer increases 24% as the customers income hold back risen by 12%. So, in order to meet my catamenia inventory to the increase of quantity demanded by 24%, the price of personal computer should be increase. When PED = 0. 5, footing Elasticity of Demand, PED= Percentage change in quantity demandedPercentage change in scathe 0. 5= 24 %? Price % ? Price %=48 % ? The price of personal computer should be increase by 48% so that the quantity demanded will approximately pit my current inventory. . i. To determine the price gingersnap of demand, PED= ? Qd %? Price % PED=4. 3 %0. 25/1. 25? light speed PED=4. 3 %20% PED=0. 125 ? When the price increase $0. 25 to $1. 50, an increase of 20%, the quantity demanded aggravated 4. 3%, the price elasticity of demand for tube-shaped structure rides is 0. 125. The elasticity is less than 1, so that the quantity demanded moves pro rata less than the price, demand is said to be nonresilient. ii. Since the demand can be considered as the inelastic, the riders are less sensitive to the fare rises and there would in either probability because of no substitute way for riders in short period.Hence, the Transit pledges revenue increases as the fare rises. iii. From the estimation, the demand for subway rides is inelastic in short run. The estimation might be unreliable because of the entropy gathered is only first month after the fare rises. by and by a longer period, the riders may choose not to use subway and find another way of transportation which is more economical to them. The switch of riders to substitute way of transportation means the quantity demanded for subway decreases. So, when the fare rises, the quantity demanded declines gradually, the price elasticity of demand would be higher and more elastic. . As a clever entrepreneur, it is important to throwaway how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to changes in consumers income. During the prosperity periods , the consumers income is higher, they would demand for normal goods and less demand for inferior goods. In periods of depression, the consumers income decreases leads to an increase of quantity demanded for inferior goods because their purchasing power is low. If the entrepreneur understands that inferior goods have negative income elasticity (Mankiw, 2007), he would probably switch his business to stag inferior goods.For example, a used-car seller who might sell branded prodigality cars during prosperity periods. However, during depression periods, he might switch to sell low-priced cars in order to sustain his business. In conclusion, the statement is valid. Question 3 a. Diminishing returns to a single factor are observable in all production processes at some level of stimulants. The law of decrease borderline productivity is defined as the marginal product of an input is the additional output gene cropd by employing one more unit of the input, all other inputs held fixed.T he spare output, or returns, to the single input diminish because all other inputs are held fixed. One of the factors is capital. For example, as the stock of capital rises, the extra output produced from an additional of capital falls (Mankiw, 2007). Returns to scale are several(predicate) from the returns to a single factor. Returns to scale are proportional increases in all inputs. While each factor in production process gene arranges diminish returns, the output may more than forficate, less than double, or exactly double when all the inputs are doubled.The distinction again is that with returns to scale, all inputs are increased in the equivalent proportion and no input is held fixed. b. In picking a vacant position, we should be concerned with the marginal product of the last worker hired because the marginal product measures the effect on output, or total product, of hiring another worker. It helps us to determine the revenue generated by hiring another worker and comp ared it to the cost of hiring another worker. This comparison shows that whether the hiring would help to increase the production.The charge at which the average product begins to decline is the point where average product is equal to marginal product. Although adding more workers results in a further decline in average product, total product continues to increase, so it may unflustered be advantageous to hire another worker. When average product declines, the marginal product of the last worker hired is lower than the average product of previously hired workers. c. The isoquant identifies all the combinations of the two inputs which can produce the same level of output. The curvature of the isoquant is measured by the slope of the isoquant at any(prenominal) given point.The slope of the isoquant measures the rate at which the two inputs can be exchanged and still keep output constant, and this rate is called the marginal rate of technical substitution. Along the typical bowed-in or convex isoquant, the marginal rate of technical substitution diminishes as you move down along the isoquant. subsection B Question 4 a. To find the chemical equilibrium price and quantity, Qd=Qs c-5P=5P 10P=100 P=10 When P = 10, Q=5P Q=510 Q=5 ? Equilibrium price is $10, equilibrium quantity is 50 units Price of Negext, $ grocery Equilibrium Quantity of Negext, Units 50 0 10 tag on Demand 20Consumer superfluous producer purposeless graph 2 The Negext food market Supply and Demand Consumer superfluous=12 ? $10 ? 50 =$ 250 Producer Surplus=12? $10 ? 50 =$ 250 congeries Surplus=Consumer Surplus+Producer Surplus Total Surplus=$250+$250 =$ 500 ? The consumer surplus is $250, the producer surplus is $250 and total surplus is $500. b. When 50 units of Negext are produced, Total Cost of contaminant=50 ? 4 ? $1 =$ 200 The sellers would impose $4 for each units of Negext, so the price for Negext is $14. Total Surplus=$ 500-$200 =$ 300 ? The total surplus after taking into ac count the cost of contamination, it reduces to $ 300. . We can use total surplus to measure the benefit of buyers and sellers in Negext market. If the society banning Negext, no demand from buyers, Negext will run out of business, the society is not in economic well- being. both(prenominal) buyers and sellers do not enjoy any welfare from banning. When the total surplus is zero, the total market welfare is zero as well. d. Under the government restriction, the market only can produce 25 units of Negext. (100 units of pollution ? 4 units of pollution are emitted each Negext is produced= 25 units of Negext can be produced) Qs=25 units 00-5 P=25 P=$ 15 ? The new market equilibrium when the quantity 25 units and price is $ 15. Since the minimum cost to produce one unit of Negext is $5 (assuming the cost of production per Negext is $1 and cost of pollution is $4), so the supply of Negext decreases to zero when the price falls below $5. Graph 3 shows the Negext market after the restri ction. This restriction limits the production to 25units and the price rises to $15. The consumer surplus decreases to $62. 50, producer surplus is $312. 50, and pollution cost is $100. The total surplus falls $275.In short, this policy is not recommended because it reduces the total market welfare. Graph 3 The Negext Market Supply and Demand after the government restriction. Price of Negext, $ New Market Equilibrium Quantity of Negext, Units 0 Supply Demand 20 Producer Surplus 15 Consumer Surplus 25 5 Consumer Surplus=12? $5? 25 =$ 62. 50 Producer Surplus=12? ($10+$15)? 25 =$312. 50 Total Cost of Pollution=25 units Negext? 4 units pollution ? $1 =$ 100 Total Surplus=$ 62. 50+$312. 50-$100 =$275 e. The consumers and producers should bear the $2 tax respectively. Inverse Demand P=18-15QInverse Supply P=-2+15Q NEW Qd=90-5P NEW Qs=-10+5P Qd=Qs 90-5P=-10+5P P=10 Q=90-5(10) Q=40 units give ear to Graph 4, the market is in equilibrium when price is $10 and quantity, 40 units. However, t he actual price paid by the consumers is $12 and the producers receiving price of $8. The tax revenue is $ one hundred sixty. The consumer surplus is $ one hundred sixty, producer surplus is $160, and total pollution cost is $160. The total surplus increases to $320. So, this policy is highly recommended because the increases of total market welfare that benefits all the society members.Graph 4 The Neget Market after government imposes tax. Price of Negext, $ Quantity of Negext, Units 40 0 10 Supply Demand 20 12 8 Tax Revenue=$4? 40 =$160 Consumer Surplus=12? $8? 40 =$160 Producer Surplus=12? $8? 40 =$160 Total Cost of Pollution=40? 4? $1 =$100 Total Surplus=$160+$160+$160-$160 =$320 f. When the cost of pollution is higher than $1, the total surplus decreases. The price paid by the consumer increases, the consumer surplus decreases. Then, it would affect the society well-being, particularly the welfare of consumer is violated. This leads the consumers banning Negext.Moreover, if th e production of Negext emit such high pollution to environment, the society should ban Negext for the safety and health of society. REFERENCES Smith, 2007. Chapter 6 answers (Online) Available From http//www. coloradocollege. edu/Dept/EC/Faculty/Smith/EC2070102/chap_06answers. htm (Accessed 16 July 2011) Wmich. Edu. 2010. Assignments In Class (Online) Available From http//homepages. wmich. edu/u5nwaogu/In%20Class%20Assignments/Inclass_3. pdf (Accessed 16 July 2011) Mankiw, N. Gregory. (2007). Principles of Economics, 4th Edition. USA Thomson South Western. pp97-99, 559-562

The Shawnee Tribe

The Shawnee Tribe Did you know that the Shawnee Indian federation of tribes is a interest tribe? I recently have well-read that they be nomads. Nomads be people who travel instead of settling in one place. grey Ohio, West Virginia, and western Pennsylvania were a couple of states they once lived in. Until al more or less 1660 Iroquois drove out the tribe to southerly Carolina, Tennessees Cumber primer basin, eastern Pennsylvania, and southern Illinois. They had tried to re shape, but again they were forced to leave by American settlers.The settlers pushed them first to Missouri and then to Kansas, but the Shawnee people settled in Oklahoma after the Civil War. The Shawnee survived using various methods of hunting and join forcesing. both(prenominal) men and women had responsibilities in providing food. They hunted many carnals including deer, squirrel, turkey, raccoon, bear, muskrat, rabbit, and ducks/geese. They set traps for the animals, and they disguised themselves to ruffle in with their surroundings to get close enough to club or shoot them. People never wasted anything they employ each the different parts for different things.In January and February they hunted beaver for their pelts and meat to trade with the settlers. In the summer time they, and during fall, groups of men and women would leave the village and hunt. Small fugitive lodges were apply. An different way to get food was to plant or gather it. They planted beans, squash, corn, pumpkins, and melons but corn was their main food. They garner tempestuous berries, nuts, maple, roots, and wild honey. In the springtime women planted crops and summer through fall they gathered wild plants and fruits.Tapping maple trees for sap was another thing they did. Raiding beehives was also touristed to get honey. The women were roughlyly responsible for planting, harvesting, and taking care of crops. Roles for people are very important because the people would know what their job was and w hat others jobs were. Men were very important because they mostly hunted, carved wood into ladles, bowls, and spoons, were in charge of politics and war, and were warriors. Women had many roles, but some were harder than others. They built homes and fires, habilimented the game, cooked, lanted crops, scraped skins and tanned hides, make clothing, wove blankets, and made vessels of clay. They also served as advisors of peace and war. They managed all farming activities and ceremonies in the village. Both men and women took part in storytelling, artwork, music, and traditionalistic medicine. Young girls learned from their mothers how to gather wild foods, plant crops, care for children and consummate househ doddery duties. Boys were taught to hunt and fight from their fathers. At age nine, boys began special pedagogy and self-discipline. Parents were strict, and the children were seldom punished.They were expected to be the judge of their own behavior. However, the parents expecte d last standards of behavior and responsibility. Special jobs of the Shawnee tribe include being a chief. Chiefs would make do problems and activities, good or bad and also dealt with problems that could not be contumacious by individuals or families. War chiefs protected the tribe from enemy combat and decided when to go to war. They had to prove themselves in battle as leaders and warriors. Chiefs inherited their positions as peace, clan, or war chiefs. Peace chiefs could also call-off a war.The Thawikila and Chalaakaatha divisions were in charge of governing the people and chiefs came from one of the two divisions. rank and file for one of the five divisions was inherited by the fathers side. garment of the Shawnee was homemade and you had to make your own clothes in order to support warm. Deerskin clothing was what most Shawnee people wore. During the winter, men and women added loose shirts and leggings and would also confine themselves in buffalo robes or fur cloaks ma de of bear or moose skins. Decorations were important to the tribe. They dyed clothing, porcupine quills and feathers and points were also used.Men wore headdresses made of animal fur and decorated them with feathers from a bird of prey such as an eagle, hawk, or owl. Men mostly wore shirts and leggings and women wore shirts with leggings or dresses. After contact with the European traders, the Shawnee began to own glass beads which they used on their clothing. Jewelry include silver pins, necklaces, and bracelets for women. Men liked to wear silver nose go and earrings. jumps, music, and ceremonies were all important to the Shawnee tribe. Spring held a dance named Spring dough trip the light fantastic in which they prayed for plentiful crops.In the summer they held the Green Corn Dance in celebration for the growing of corn. Fall held the Fall Bread Dance where they prayed that game would be plentiful also and gave thanks for the harvest. Musical instruments included skin drums , gourd rattles, deer-hoofed rattles and sometimes reed flutes. Many different tools were used by the Shawnee and they needed them to survive. They used hammers made of stone or other hard substance, some had handles and some did not. Knives and saws were made of shells, stone, or other materials. Borers were inwrought tools used for making holes in soft or hard objects.An chop was another tool made of shells, iron, or copper. The blade could easily turn at a right angle. It was held with your hands or attached in various ways to a handle by a rawhide. nigh other weapons are bows and arrows, stone tomahawks, spears, and chipped flint arrow points. Homes and shelters were another tip that was needed by the Shawnee. The home they lived in was called a wegiwa which were tree poles cover by bark or animal skin. The frame of the house was made of sapling tied together and covered with bark from elm or welt trees.When bark was not available animal skin was used. There were no windows and there was only one opening in one stopping point for a door and a hole in the mettle of the capital for the smoke from the cooking fire. In a pit in the middle of the floor is where they burned the fire. Inside walls were lined with raised wooden platforms that were used as beds. Homes were sometimes furnished with shelves, benches, and tables. The Shawnees way of life came to an abrogate by splitting into gauzy bands and moving away from others. The Shawnee had many wars with American settlers over land rights.One Native American named Tecumseh, who was an excellent communicator and military strategist, was esteem greatly by the Shawnee. They followed his every command. During the Battle of Thames in 1813, Tecumseh was shot and killed. With his closing the Shawnee people lost their spirit to fight. They then scattered and drifted in small bands into Missouri, Kansas, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. Some remained in Ohio. Between 1825 and 1900 the United States Government took more land rights away through various treaties. This led to more movement and most Shawnee became part of a non-native society.The Shawnee tribe is so interesting and amazing. Shawnee people desire in one female God, Our Grandmother, and she created the earth and made people. When people grew old she scooped them up in nets and brought them to the sky. Also, the most sacred spirits to the Shawnee were Tobacco, Fire, Water, and Eagle. Daniel Boone was one of the most famous prisoners taken in war and was held for several(prenominal) months. During that time he made friends with them and participated in their games. When he went back to the settlers he realized that the Shawnee tribe was a friendly tribe.Another interesting fact about the Shawnee is that parents would plunge their babies into setback or freezing cold water every day for several months because they wanted to make their children tougher. The Shawnee tribe was fun to study and I learned a lot about their way of l ife and history. BIBLIOGRAPHY Bial, Raymond. The Shawnee. Tarrytown, New York. benchmark Books, 2004. Flanagan, Alice K. The Shawnee. Canada. Childrens Press, 1998. Mattern, Joanne. The Shawnee Indians. Manakato, Minnesota. Bridgestone Books, 2001. Yacowitz, Caryn. Shawnee Indians. Chicago, Illinois. Heinemann Library, 2003. Additional research includes many websites

Harmful Algal Blooms and Aquaculture

stabbing algal kicks and how they atomic number 18 Linked to Aquaculture vacate insalubrious algal eyeshades grounds a wide range of proscribe do on aquaculture. These baffle argon seed from the complexness of pernicious algal species the toxins they create and morphology they save adapted. Science cool it lacks a right see to iting of factors that be envolved in rashs multifariousnessation. Aquaculture and foul algal rashs be at present related be example it is one of many anthropogenic factors that unintention entirelyy green goods the conditions that bring up pernicious algal bloom of youths.The methods of action, tends used, drift produced goat breath to nutriment for thought freight rate and eutrophic conditions by releasing essential intellectual nourishments into weewee that ar needful for algal increase. Phosphorus and newton compounds ar dickens of the main byproducts or aquaculture that are associated with bloom formation. To minimize the make of pestilential algal blooms on aquaculture you moldiness recognize the diver layy and complexity of perverting algal blooms and their relationship with aquaculture. Abstract ruinous algal blooms cause a wide range of veto incumbrances on aquaculture.These effectuate are come from the complexity of disadvantageous algal species the toxins they create and morphology they generate adapted. Science distillery lacks a full understanding of factors that are envolved in blooms formation. Aquaculture and harmful algal blooms are flat related because it is one of many anthropogenic factors that unintention aloney produce the conditions that crowd harmful algal blooms. The methods of production, fertilises used, waste produced drive out lead to nutritive commitment and eutrophic conditions by releasing essential intellectual nourishments into peeing that are guided for algal growth.Phosphorus and nitrogen compounds are two of the main byproducts or aquaculture that are associated with bloom formation. To minimize the effects of harmful algal blooms on aquaculture you essentialiness understand the diversity and complexity of harmful algal blooms and their relationship with aquaculture. Andrew Blajda inception Over the last some(prenominal) decades harmful algal blooms events or HABs are regardd to be increasing in absolute actually muchness and geographical range. The reported cast up is a major(ip)(ip) concern because of the wide scale impact they get hold of on he surround and homophile race activities. The effect of HABs on aquaculture back be rattling damaging with goinguced growth, mortalities or accumulation of toxins. If aquaculture trading operations take place in the open bodies of water they choose subaltern or no way of avoiding incoming blooms. Harmful algal bloom events that come in contact with aquaculture operations often deal proscribe effects that stern include student growth, weakened immunity, mortalities, and on economical losses.One of the bigger concerns today is the patent gain in harmful bloom events. Re searchers afford linked this increase with anthropogenic activities, aquaculture be one of them. Aquaculture operations adds additional nutrients to the body, this lowers nutrients that limits algal growth. A make better understand of the dynamics and characters the form and make up a bloom combined with the a better understanding of nutrient encumbrance of aquaculture could potenti anyy help reduce the negative effects harmful algal blooms name on aquaculture.Single stal direct microscopic alga like phytoplankton are the virtu onlyy globally abundant species and one of the seas most important re parentages. These autotrophic primary producers form the bottom of the food pyramid, performing as the primary start of food for larval finfish, crustaceans, filter impart bivalves, and opposite species (Hallengraeff, 1995). In normal concentrations , these single celled algae work in balance with the ocean and its inhabitants, filling important roles in chemical and nutrient cycles. They act as primary producers, providing nutrients and food for variety of dissimilar species.These impartial microscopic species are vitally important to the success of two fisheries and aquaculture, just now in some(prenominal) situations they can in addition go through and through detrimental effects on the naval and coastal environment and numerous terrestrial and shipboard soldier species. A combination of physical, chemical, biological, hydrological, and meteorological events can generate appropriate conditions that give up these simple single celled microalgae can exhibit exponential growth and facts of life. These ingrained events create the opportunity for algal bloom formation with potence elephantine scale negative effects throughout the area they cover (Graham, 2007).algal blooms can be veridically(prenominal) diverse and differ from one a nonher in many shipway . How they form, the algal specie of causation, characteristics and dynamics of a blooms, the species they affect, and impacts they cause are some of the complex factors that are found in blooms (Zingone & Enevoldsen, 2000). The proper(postnominal) characteristics used to define a harmful bloom vary by sources. Hans Paerl, among others, outlined harmful blooms by using several characteristics. Paerl also defined harmful blooms at their most basic level by classifying them as having nuisance conditions, meaning ecological and/or economic impacts (Paerl, 1988).As harmful algal blooms move across the ocean, the observ competent effects they cause go beyond the ocean and naval species it covers. These events result also get under ones skin wide circle negative impacts on costal terrestrial organism and both clement health and activities. algal species produce sevral distinct toxins that are detrimental effects to human health, causat ion various illnesses and mortalities. About 10% of foodborne disease in the United States results from algal toxins worldwide they cause much than than 60,000 in cyanogenications a year. vanguard Dolah, 2000) Economic losses payable harmful algal blooms crap been estimated in the tens of millions of dollars, from costs of beach clean ups, decreased tourism, and closing or lemniscus sales of commercial fisheries and aquaculture ( caravan Dolah et al. , 2001). Over the past several decades in that respect has been an apparent increase in the frequency and geographic range of harmful algal blooms. This apparent increase has been attri thated to both change magnitude observations and focus on harmful algal blooms and increase inputs from anthropogenic sources.Aquaculture is one of many anthropogenic activities that is believed to be hypernutrification and eutrophic conditions in surrounding bodies of water. This makeup will attempt to gain a better understanding of diversity of harmful algal blooms and also the effect aquaculture has on the environment in adding in formation of harmful algal blooms. Algal Blooms Historically algal blooms are a subjectively occurring phenomenon in earths oceans and have been observed throughout recorded autobiography (Hallegraeff, 1993).These events are often beneficial to bivalves by supplying an abundant food supply to these filters supply that relay on microalgae for their source of nutrients. Algal blooms can quickly turn into detrimental to the environment and its inhabitants are various ways (Leverone, 2007). Sources from human history including the bible may contain the first put down cases of algal blooms. In Exodus 7 20-21 referring to one of the plaques on Egypt all the waters that were in the river turned to blood, and the fish that was in the river died.Some historians and scientist now believe this biblical reference from 1,000BC could be the first write record of an algal bloom. (Hallegraeff, 1993) O ther historical sources may have unknowing recorded written evidence on algal blooms, in China well-nigh 200AD common Zhu Ge-Ling documented sicknesses and losses of military personnel after drinking from a river that was stained green. (Chorus & Bartram, 1999) Examination of fossil algal specimens and historical reference increase evidence that these event are non a new phenomenon and have been occurring in earths oceans for thousands if not millions of years.Recent finding from numerous dogged term studies conducted around the world has brought a strong belief in the scientific community that algal blooms have been increasing in their frequency and geographic distribution. Even though most scientiest support the idea of a global increase of blooms and twith strong evidence supporting this theroy there is still a major dissagreement about what is causing the increase (Pelley, 1998). The apparent increase of algal blooms, on with the global impacts on aquatic organisms, the env ironment, human health, and activities has increased interest and research being through with(p) on these events (Li et al. 2002 Van Dolah et al. , 2001). The precise characteristics and descriptions that define an algal bloom are fairly broad and very from source to source. I was unable to find a universal comment of algal blooms. The description and definition I came across were similar but differed in many aspects this included sizes, formation factors, impacts, and algal species. Overall algal blooms are generally defined significant increase in biomass due to a rapid reproduction of a single microalgal species.The problem with this source is there can also be macroalgal blooms. Others described them as forming luxuriously density populations, with some species creating visible discoloration of the water. (Carstensen, Henriksen, & Heiskanen, 2007 Diersing, 2009) Others define blooms by impacts they cause displacing indigenes species, destroy habitat, oxygen depletion, and al ter biochemical cycles. (Hoagland et al. , 2002) A more generalized definition was given by Hallegraeff, adding that a bloom must have at least million cells per liter (Hallegraeff, 1993).The defining characteristic that differentiates a bloom from a harmful algal bloom is when they takes on a destructive roll and causes environment impacts. The term harmful is defined more specifically as causing negative impacts on the environment and unfavorable effects on both aquatic and terrestrial organisms. This is due to factors much(prenominal) as toxins they produce, specie specific cell physical structure causing damage to aquatic organisms or by accumulation of biomass affect inwroughtly occurring organisms causing alterations food web dynamics and biochemical cycles (Anderson et al. 2002). Depending on the species, some algae produce toxins that can affect crustaceans, fish, shellfish, birds and mammals including gentlemans gentleman nontoxic species can still causes damage by blo cking light from penetrating the water column, clogging or damaging gills, and creating anoxic conditions from accelerated decomposition as they die off (Silver et al. , 2006 Sellner et al. , 2003) Harmful alga can also have impacts on shoreline coastal habitats, toxins can be transported onto the shore by sea spray (Hoagland et al. , 2002). on that point are over 5,000 know photoplanktonic algal species that inhabit the leatherneck waters only a small portion, about 300 species are known to have blooming capabilities and even fewer, about 40-80 species or 2-3% of all photoplantonic algal species are known to have toxic chemicals producing capabilities this includes members that form red tides (Hallegraeff, 1993 Smayda, 1997). no.toxic red tides are not uncommon, today people often incorrectly or mistakenly refer to toxic algal blooms as red tides even when brown, green or color little (Anderson, 1994).Toxic and other harmful algal species are ubiquitous throughout the marine and freshwater environment the majority of the time they present at low population densities that cause few, if any and only minor impacts on the environment and its local inhabitants (Van Dolah, 2000). in that location are a variety of different phycotoxins algal species are able to synthesize individual species will only produce one figure of toxin. The evolutionary advantages of these toxins are not fully understood they are believed to picnic a role in bloom formation and predator protect (Nehring, 1993).The different phycotoxins vary from one another in terms of the impacts and tip of damage they have on marine and terrestrial organisms, depending on the toxicity, the concentration, and the organisms. toxicity vary among algal species Dinophysis is one example, they have the ability to produce toxins that have negative effects at densities as low as hundred cells per L-1 (Sellner et al. , 2003). The most toxic algal species are mainly found in dinoflagellets ( control panel 1 ) with some having toxicity greater than venomous snakes. Table 1.Toxicity of several phycotoxins created different organisms including algae. (Van Dolah, 2000) The taxonomic algal groups dinoflagellets, raphidophyetes, cynobactria, and some diatoms are known to have the capabilities of phycotoxins production these species are often the culprit behind harmful algal blooms. Phycotoxins are toxic chemicals created biologically by photosynthetic organisms. Dinoflagellets are one of the par follow species that forms red tides members of this group also produce toxin that lead to foodborne illness and human mortalities (Li et al. , 2002 Hallegraeff et al. 1995). Human induced illnesses are not an uncommon result from inlet of seafood. Many algal toxins are potentially dangerous and even deadly to humans. Toxins accumulate in tissues of organisms like shellfish, finfish, and crustaceans that come in contact with a toxic bloom. These species are usually far less affected by algal toxins having adaptive mechanisms that lower the effects on the organisms associated with toxic blooms. notwithstanding toxins still accumulate within the tissues and detoxification can take weeks before they filter levels safe for human consumption.Algal toxins cause for concerns for humans not only because they take for their toxicity long after the bloom but more importantly because they can withstanding heat from cooking. Algal toxin foodborne diseases are caused by various species or toxins and come from different transmitters. lamellibranch vectors can induce human illness that include (Table 2) paralytic shellfish inebriation (PSP), neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP), amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP), diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) other vectors can lead to various other diseases as well (Van Dolah, 2000).The prevalent term of red tide given to harmful algal bloom comes from compact, high densities of algal cells that containing red photosynthetic pigments, causing the water to appear red (Carstensen et al. , 2007). These toxic species can normally be found in low concentrations have no impacts on organisms and environment. The adverse effects on organism often deepened on cell concentration in blooms toxic algae aggregate and are more dangerous (Van Dolah, 2000).Some toxic algal species have developed unmatched life cycles and geomorphological characteristics that allow them to mesh a specific niche that will be further examined. Table 2. Foodborne and environmental disease caused by harmful algal species, the toxin produced and the primary vector they inhabit. (Van Dolah, 2000) Harmful algal species have many adverse impacts on bivalves this includes a wide range of sub-lethal and lethal effects some algal species are more detrimental than others (Leverone, 2007). It is believed that increase frequency of blooms is partially due to the origination of non-indigenous algal species.no(prenominal)-indigenous species potentially will create a s pecific niche, and/or out compete native species. Indigenous naturally occurring harmful algal species are far less direct effects on bivalves this is because they have been able to naturally adapt to their presence over time. Native algal species in most case do not have as bad direct, detrimental impacts on shellfish and are usually not associated with astronomic scale bivalve die off. The exception to this is in cases of trigger-happy blooms (Matsuyama & Shumway, 2009 Nehring, 1993 Zingone & Enevoldsen, 2000).Its still hard to truly say many large scale die-offs and increase sub-lethal impacts are directly due to non-indigenous algal species because assignment is sometimes heavy, longer term data individual algal species geographic ranges are limited combined, and the theory anthropogenic factors are causing an boilersuit increase in blooms. In many circumstance of HAB mortalities its uncorrectable to differentiate whether they resulted from the algal specie or unfavorable w ater timberland that coincide with blooms (Anderson et al. , 2002 Leverone, 2007).Complex morphology are found in many harmful algal species that helps protect them from predation and the environment and help obtain nutrients. Diatom algae are members of the Bacillariophyceae class they have been around for over clxxx million years helping to create earths aura and also run for a major role in nutrient and chemical cycles. Over their evolutionary history diatoms have developed a variety of different exterior cellular morphology for protection from the environment and predation. They have a range of cell shapes and sizes and also form unique frustule cell walls make from silica.The frustule cell wall is made up of two over lapping overlapping silica bands forming a protective shell. The 100,000 diatom species have developed seeming infinite variations of cell wall micropatterns and structures including ridges, spines and plates (Kroger & Poulsen, 2008) These cellular morphologica l characteristics help protect them under adverse environmental conditions and restrict or prevent predation. Some species of diatoms have developed such strong cell walls with structural properties that enable them to survive ingestion and escape after move through the digestive scheme. (Merkel, et al. 2003) The benefits of these structures do have negative effects and come at the expense of mobile abilities, limits growth, and makes the cell very dense motile restorations and high cell densities make diatoms much more likely to take root out of the high nutrient water column. Bloom Formation The refinement of bloom formation is due to both the abiotic(environmental and anthropogenic factors) and biotic factors these being the algae themselves. Adaptations of life cycle, morphology, and environmental conditions enable rapid reproduction of certain(prenominal) algal species that have developed specific niches (Sellner et al. 2003 Zingone & Enevoldsen, 2000). Algal blooms forma tion set by the complex relation between the environmental factors and algal species although we understand the basics of formation there are still many unknowns. There are seemingly endless metres of variables and factors that play a role in creating of a bloom. The main driving factors of when and where a bloom forms are a combination of environmental/anthropogenic factors (nutrient cycles and inputs) and algal morphology (Pinckney et al. , 1997 Sellner et al. ,2003).As simple as it sounds, there are countless variables including natural condition, anthropogenic effects, algal physiologic and morphological characteristics that lead to the unpredictability and overall misunderstanding we still have on blooms. (Sellner et al. , 2003 Anderson, 1994) The belief that algal blooms are increasing in frequency and geographic range is a popular belief that is backed by numerous studies. The cause of this apparent increase has been attributed to the expanding human population (anthropogen ic effects).Some still argue that the increase in blooms is due to the increase in observations from studies worldwide, a better understanding of blooms and better record keeping but with enkindle evidence supporting the lateral its hard to believe the human race is not playing a major roll. (Sellner et al. , 2003) Looking at the numer of literary reference to harmful algal bloom over 70 years(figure 1) shows a dramitic increase algal blooms from the 1920s through late 1990s (Hallegraeff, 1993). This also give arguments that increase research and technology contriubute to the increase ovserevd.Figure 1. literary references of harmful algal blooms from Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstract (AFSA) publications over about 70 years. The increase can be attributed to a combination of anthropogenic factors or increased observations and present arguments for both sides. (Hallegraeff, 1993) Today we have an understanding of the natural environmental processes and factors that lead to blo om formation but the effects humans apply to the environment alter the natural cycles making it more difficult to predict blooms (Paerl, 1988).Blooms occur under irregular conditions that pull ahead growth and reproduction allowing some species to flourish. The conditions found in blooms broad and often species specific adding to the complexity and unpredictability of blooms. In general the conditions associated with blooms are abundance (eutrophic), or an unstableness of nutrients, along with favorable water conditions (temperature, DO, salinity, etc. ). lifelike processes like atmospheric deposition, water column turnover, upwelling, oceanic currents, storms, and anomalous weather events (El Nino) work together and fluctuate over time effecting mixing rates, water quality. intellectual nourishments pools build up over time from organic decomposition in benthic sediment. salmagundi of the sediment perelapses the nutrient pools and bring about eutrophic conditions or alter the water chemistry that enable specific species of algae to flourish (Sellner et al. , 2003 Van Dolah, 2000 Paerl, 1988). Natural mixing rates occur during regularly during temporal or seasonal worker with environmental fluxes or randomly from disturbances (natural anthropogenic). Sediment mixing are very important environment processes, releasing nutrients back into the water column allowing for increased primary producer growth.Seasonal and temporal sediment mixing produce lead to the specific conditions that form blooms. Eutrophication has been defined as an increase in supply of organic matter to the ecosystem in terms of algal bloom this refers to an increase in nutrients that allows an increase of primary production (Bonsdorff et al. , 1997). Three trace nutrients, nitrates ammonium hydroxide and phosphates are associated with eutrophication and considered the driving forces behind bloom (Sheng, Jinghong, Shiqiang, Jixi, Dingyong, & Ke, 2006). The levels found in marine waters are driven naturally based on natural events discussed above.Studies have found a correlation between anthropogenic actives direct to nitrogen and match nutrient loading and the apparent increase in frequency of algal blooms along with alteration of natural nitrogen/ match ratio (Bonsdorff et al. , 1997 Paerl, 2009). There are various anthropogenic activities that have led to the both local and global increase of nutrients in fresh and marine waters. Aquaculture is just one of many of these activities. Many studies have shown that aquaculture operations have byproducts that can cause eutrophic conditions.Nutrient loading from aquaculture only has local effects and the amount of effects it causes is size dependent (Anderson et al. , 2002). Aquaculture and Nutrient Loading It is important to understand the relationship between aquaculture and harmful algal blooms. Additional nutrients from the feed used, outflowing discharge, and waste products are some of the source that lead to n utrient loading (Tacon & Forster, 2003). The amount of additional nutrients added to a system increases based on how intensive the operation is.HABs have wide spread negative impacts on aquaculture, the try for of significantly minimizing these impacts are still years away. To minimize the effects on aquaculture you must understand characteristics and dynamics of blooms, this includes the diversity of species involved and the factors associated with bloom formation. The apparent increase frequency and geographic range of harmful algal blooms is very important to aquaculture because aquaculture plays a role in helping create the conditions necessary for bloom formation.Aquaculture operations provided year round nutrient inputs in a local aspect, this eliminates nutrient limitations in those areas (Bonsdorff et al. , 1997). This section will discuss and brushup the relationship aquaculture has with nutrient loading and eutrophication of the surrounding water. normality and phosphor s are to key elements that take on various forms necessary for bloom formation. Both nitrogen and phosphors in the forms of nitrates, ammonia, phosphates and other compounds are byproducts of aquaculture.Algal growth is limited by nutrient availability, mainly based on availability of nitrogen and phosphors in the environment. Nitrogen in the forms of nitrates and ammonia are water soluble and enter the system from either dissolved feeds, effluent discharge, or from waste produced by fish. Phosphates often accumulate mainly in the sediment and during mixing events are released into the water in high quantities (Karakassis, Pitta, & Krom, 2005). Nutrient loading from aquaculture that leads to eutrophic conditions come from several sources. The amount and source of the nutrients depends on the operation.Location of farm (open ocean, ponds, raceways etc. ), what is being cultured (shrimp, finfish, bivalves), what are the inputs (feeds, fertilizer, etc. ) and how intensive the operation is. The source of local nutrient loading from aquaculture can be traced back to where the operation is taking place. Open ocean farming of finfish for instance causes eutrophic conditions right around the cages. On the other slew inland facilities such as pond systems and other flow through systems release effluent discharge causing nutrient in the and around the bodies of water they run into.The species being cultured also plays a major role. Bivalves for instance play a role in limiting algal growth by filter feeding, while finfish inputs and excreting essential nutrients in their waste is a major source of nutrients (Soto & Mena, 1991). How intensive an operation is and the veritable inputs into the system are directly related. The more intensive an operation the more inputs and the more inputs the greater chance of hypernutrification and eutrophic conditions. Different operations require different inputs and these inputs have different nutrient atios. Culture of some juvenile finfish require fertilization to promote phytoplankton growth for feed this puts the essential nutrients for algal growth directly into the system. The feeds used in aquaculture vary on the nutrients they are made up of, how stable they are and whether they float or sink. These factors are all in play in nutrient loading that come directly from aquaculture (Islam, 2005). The effects of aquaculture feeds on nutrient loading depend on several factors. There are three main factors these include 1) the amount of lessened feed.This is due to distressing farming and management practice and floating Vs. sinking feeling feeds. Poor management practices means over or an improper feeding technique that puts more feed in the water. Floating and sinking feed choices is also important. Sinking feeds may not be eaten by finfish if they go through the bottom of a net or cage, or if they sit on the bottom. On the other hand floating feeds may be less stable or uneaten if they are transported out of a system or to a place where they are unable to be eaten. 2) The actual quality of the feed.This poor stability and high solubility of feed pellets in water mean that once they are in the water they will be broken down and release more and nutrients and in less time. The final factor is deals is loosely related to the previous two. 3) Once the feed is ingested factors such as limitations of absorption and retention of the nutrients from the feed. This factor deals mainly with poor digestibility or metabolism of the species being culture to the feed they are given. The nutrients in the feeds many not be utilized to their full potential once ingested fish will excrete the excess nutrients (Soto & Mena, 1991).Feed and nutrient inputs play a major role in nutrient loading and creating the conditions that promote algal growth either directly in the form of uneaten feeds or nutrients leaching or dissolving from the feeds, or indirectly from the digestion, metabolism and waste products from the species being cultured (Tacon & Forster, 2003). The important of feeds in nutrient loading must not be overlooked one study estimated that 70% of phosphorus and 30-50% of nitrogen in feeds is not utilized by fish and is released into the environment (Soto & Mena, 1991).This only shows two of the most essential nutrients associated with bloom formation and not the various other nutrients that are also released and are important for algal growth. This also shows the significance of feeds based on the large amount of nutrients that are not utilized and instead entering the environment, promoting algal growth. Over all aquaculture farm operations lead to excessive amounts of inorganic and organic fertilizer, feeds, and wastes that are put into local water bodies with high concentrations nutrient, that lead to nutrient loading and eutrophic conditions.Discussion and Conclusions Aquaculture over the last several decades has grown globally in both its production and popularity. I n the future aquaculture will continue to grow in its importance to the human population as alternative food source to agriculture and wild fisheries, as well as helping with the low-pitched ocean stocks. As of now it appear that we will be see an increase in aquaculture around the world in the years to come. Although there are many benefits to aquaculture and the potential of increased production may have we must measure the benefits against the environment impacts they cause.Nutrient loading is just one of the environmental impacts associated with aquaculture and the effects of nutrient loading go beyond promotion of algal blooms. The global increase in aquaculture coincides with the apparent increase in harmful algal. Although there are many other anthropogenic factors that are at play in global nutrient loading aquaculture is a major local point-source form. We must understand the specific conditions that are associated blooms and the role aquaculture plays along with how comp lex and diverse blooms can if we hope to develop mechanisms that can significantly reduce the impacts on aquaculture.I choose the stem of harmful algal blooms and aquaculture effects of nutrient loading because it fits in perfect with our class aquaculture and the environment. The purpose of this paper was to gain a general understanding of harmful algal blooms, and also to review the factors of aquaculture that lead to nutrient loading, eutrophic conditions, and the aid in bloom formation. This topic caught my attention because of similar topics Ive cover and work Ive done this semester in this class and others classes.Harmful algal blooms in general are very interesting because of the diversity of blooms, the range of effects they have, how unique the species involved are, and because of the complexity and over all lack of understanding have in factors of bloom formation. The purpose of this class included reviewing the impact of aquaculture on the environment and methods of ste p-down or eliminating those impacts. This paper focuses on harmful algal blooms and how aquaculture creates conditions that promoted bloom formation.I pore a great deal of this paper on harmful algal blooms because if you hope to minimize the impacts they cause you must appreciate and understand their complexity and also understand the relation they have with aquaculture. The purpose of this paper was not to examine direct ways in which to minimize nutrient inputs of harmful algal blooms but the information given on harmful algal blooms and the role aquaculture plays in promoting bloom formation is useful to future studies and reviews focus on ways to minimize the impacts of HABs on aquaculture and help reduce the factors of aquaculture that promote harmful bloom formation.Bibliography Anderson, D. M. (1994). Red Tides. Scientific American Vol. 271, No. 2, 52-58. Anderson, D. M. , Glibert, P. M. , & Burkholder, J. M. (2002). Harmful Algal Blooms and Eutrophication Nutrient Sources , Composition, and Consequences . 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